Chapter 4 Tuning the Java Runtime System

This chapter discusses the following topics:

• Java Virtual Machine Settings

• Managing Memory and Garbage Collection

• Further Information

Java Virtual Machine Settings

J2SE 5.0 provides two implementations of the HotSpot Java virtual machine (JVM):

• The client VM is tuned for reducing start-up time and memory footprint. Invoke it by using the -client JVM command-line option.

• The server VM is designed for maximum program execution speed. Invoke it by using the -server JVM command-line option.

By default, the Application Server uses the JVM setting appropriate to the purpose:

• Developer Profile, targeted at application developers, uses the -client JVM flag to optimize startup performance and conserve memory resources.

• Enterprise Profile, targeted at production deployments, uses the default JVM startup mode. By default, Application Server uses the client Hotspot VM. However, if a server VM is needed, it can be specified by creating a <jvm-option> named “-server.”

You can override the default by changing the JVM settings in the Admin Console under Configurations > config-name > JVM Settings (JVM Options).

For more information on server-class machine detection in J2SE 5.0, see Server-Class Machine Detection .

For more information on JVMs, see JavaTM Virtual Machines.

Managing Memory and Garbage Collection

The efficiency of any application depends on how well memory and garbage collection are managed. The following sections provide information on optimizing memory and allocation functions:

• Goals

• Tracing Garbage Collection

• Other Garbage Collector Settings

• Tuning the Java Heap

• Rebasing DLLs on Windows

• Further Information

Tuning the Garbage Collector

Garbage collection (GC) reclaims the heap space previously allocated to objects no longer needed. The process of locating and removing the dead objects can stall any application and consume as much as 25 percent throughput.

Almost all Java Runtime Environments come with a generational object memory system and sophisticated GC algorithms. A generational memory system divides the heap into a few carefully sized partitions called generations. The efficiency of a generational memory system is based on the observation that most of the objects are short lived. As these objects accumulate, a low memory condition occurs forcing GC to take place.

The heap space is divided into the old and the new generation. The new generation includes the new object space (eden), and two survivor spaces. The JVM allocates new objects in the eden space, and moves longer lived objects from the new generation to the old generation.

The young generation uses a fast copying garbage collector which employs two semi-spaces (survivor spaces) in the eden, copying surviving objects from one survivor space to the second. Objects that survive multiple young space collections are tenured, meaning they are copied to the tenured generation. The tenured generation is larger and fills up less quickly. So, it is garbage collected less frequently; and each collection takes longer than a young space only collection. Collecting the tenured space is also referred to as doing a full generation collection.

The frequent young space collections are quick (a few milliseconds), while the full generation collection takes a longer (tens of milliseconds to a few seconds, depending upon the heap size).

Other GC algorithms, such as the Concurrent Mark Sweep (CMS) algorithm, are incremental. They divide the full GC into several incremental pieces. This provides a high probability of small pauses. This process comes with an overhead and is not required for enterprise web applications.

When the new generation fills up, it triggers a minor collection in which the surviving objects are moved to the old generation. When the old generation fills up, it triggers a major collection which involves the entire object heap.

Both HotSpot and Solaris JDK use thread local object allocation pools for lock-free, fast, and scalable object allocation. So, custom object pooling is not often required. Consider pooling only if object construction cost is high and significantly affects execution profiles.

Choosing the Garbage Collection Algorithm

Pauses during a full GC of more than four seconds can cause intermittent failures in persisting session data into HADB.

While GC is going on, the Application Server isn’t running. If the pause is long enough, the HADB times out the existing connections. Then, when the application server resumes its activities, the HADB generates errors when the application server attempts to use those connections to persist session data. It generates errors like, “Failed to store session data,” “Transaction Aborted,” or “Failed to connect to HADB server.”

To prevent that problem, use the CMS collector as the GC algorithm. This collector can cause a drop in throughput for heavily utilized systems, because it is running more or less constantly. But it prevents the long pauses that can occur when the garbage collector runs infrequently.

To use the CMS collector

1. Make sure that the system is not using 100 percent of its CPU.

2. Configure HADB timeouts, as described in the Administration Guide.

3. Configure the CMS collector in the server instance.

   To do this, add the following JVM options:

   • -XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC

   • -XX:SoftRefLRUPolicyMSPerMB=1

Additional Information

Use the jvmstat utility to monitor HotSpot garbage collection. (See Further Information

For detailed information on tuning the garbage collector, see Tuning Garbage Collection with the 5.0 Java Virtual Machine.

Tracing Garbage Collection

The two primary measures of garbage collection performance are throughput and pauses. Throughput is the percentage of the total time spent on other activities apart from GC. Pauses are times when an application appears unresponsive due to GC.

Two other considerations are footprint and promptness. Footprint is the working size of the JVM process, measured in pages and cache lines. Promptness is the time between when an object becomes dead, and when the memory becomes available. This is an important consideration for distributed systems.

A particular generation size makes a trade-off between these four metrics. For example, a large young generation likely maximizes throughput, but at the cost of footprint and promptness. Conversely, using a small young generation and incremental GC will minimize pauses, and thus increase promptness, but decrease throughput.

JVM diagnostic output will display information on pauses due to garbage collection. If you start the server in verbose mode (use the command asadmin start-domain --verbose domain), then the command line argument -verbose:gc prints information for every collection. Here is an example of output of the information generated with this JVM flag:

[GC 50650K->21808K(76868K), 0.0478645 secs]
 [GC 51197K->22305K(76868K), 0.0478645 secs]
 [GC 52293K->23867K(76868K), 0.0478645 secs]
 [Full GC 52970K->1690K(76868K), 0.54789968 secs]

On each line, the first number is the combined size of live objects before GC, the second number is the size of live objects after GC, the number in parenthesis is the total available space, which is the total heap minus one of the survivor spaces. The final figure is the amount of time that the GC took. This example shows three minor collections and one major collection. In the first GC, 50650 KB of objects existed before collection and 21808 KB of objects after collection. This means that 28842 KB of objects were dead and collected. The total heap size is 76868 KB. The collection process required 0.0478645 seconds.

Other useful monitoring options include:

• -XX:+PrintGCDetails for more detailed logging information

• -Xloggc:file to save the information in a log file

Other Garbage Collector Settings

For applications that do not dynamically generate and load classes, the size of the permanent generation affects to GC performance. For applications that dynamically generate and load classes (for example, JSP applications), the size of the permanent generation does affect GC performance, since filling the permanent generation can trigger a Full GC. Tune the maximum permanent generation with the -XX:MaxPermSize option.

Although applications can explicitly invoke GC with the System.gc() method, doing so is a bad idea since this forces major collections, and inhibits scalability on large systems. It is best to disable explicit GC by using the flag -XX:+DisableExplicitGC.

The Application Server uses RMI in the Administration module for monitoring. Garbage cannot be collected in RMI-based distributed applications without occasional local collections, so RMI forces a periodic full collection. Control the frequency of these collections with the property -sun.rmi.dgc.client.gcInterval. For example, - java -Dsun.rmi.dgc.client.gcInterval=3600000 specifies explicit collection once per hour instead of the default rate of once per minute.

To specify the attributes for the Java virtual machine, use the Admin Console and set the property under config-name > JVM settings (JVM options).

Tuning the Java Heap

This section discusses topics related to tuning the Java Heap for performance.

• Guidelines for Java Heap Sizing

• Heap Tuning Parameters

Guidelines for Java Heap Sizing

Maximum heap size depends on maximum address space per process. The following table shows the maximum per-process address values for various platforms:

Table 4–1 Maximum Address Space Per Process

Operating System	Maximum Address Space Per Process
Redhat Linux 32 bit	2 GB
Redhat Linux 64 bit	3 GB
Windows 98/2000/NT/Me/XP	2 GB
Solaris x86 (32 bit)	4 GB
Solaris 32 bit	4 GB
Solaris 64 bit	Terabytes

Maximum heap space is always smaller than maximum address space per process, because the process also needs space for stack, libraries, and so on. To determine the maximum heap space that can be allocated, use a profiling tool to examine the way memory is used. Gauge the maximum stack space the process uses and the amount of memory taken up libraries and other memory structures. The difference between the maximum address space and the total of those values is the amount of memory that can be allocated to the heap.

You can improve performance by increasing your heap size or using a different garbage collector. In general, for long-running server applications, use the J2SE throughput collector on machines with multiple processors (-XX:+AggressiveHeap) and as large a heap as you can fit in the free memory of your machine.

Heap Tuning Parameters

You can control the heap size with the following JVM parameters:

• -Xmsvalue

• -Xmxvalue

• -XX:MinHeapFreeRatio=minimum

• -XX:MaxHeapFreeRatio=maximum

• -XX:NewRatio=ratio

• -XX:NewSize=size

• -XX:MaxNewSize=size

• -XX:+AggressiveHeap

The -Xms and -Xmx parameters define the minimum and maximum heap sizes, respectively. Since GC occurs when the generations fill up, throughput is inversely proportional to the amount of the memory available. By default, the JVM grows or shrinks the heap at each GC to try to keep the proportion of free space to the living objects at each collection within a specific range. This range is set as a percentage by the parameters -XX:MinHeapFreeRatio=minimum and -XX:MaxHeapFreeRatio=maximum; and the total size bounded by -Xms and -Xmx.

Set the values of -Xms and -Xmx equal to each other for a fixed heap size. When the heap grows or shrinks, the JVM must recalculate the old and new generation sizes to maintain a predefined NewRatio.

The NewSize and MaxNewSize parameters control the new generation’s minimum and maximum size. Regulate the new generation size by setting these parameters equal. The bigger the younger generation, the less often minor collections occur. The size of the young generation relative to the old generation is controlled by NewRatio. For example, setting -XX:NewRatio=3 means that the ratio between the old and young generation is 1:3, the combined size of eden and the survivor spaces will be fourth of the heap.

By default, the Application Server is invoked with the Java HotSpot Server JVM. The default NewRatio for the Server JVM is 2: the old generation occupies 2/3 of the heap while the new generation occupies 1/3. The larger new generation can accommodate many more short-lived objects, decreasing the need for slow major collections. The old generation is still sufficiently large enough to hold many long-lived objects.

To size the Java heap:

• Decide the total amount of memory you can afford for the JVM. Accordingly, graph your own performance metric against young generation sizes to find the best setting.

• Make plenty of memory available to the young generation. The default is calculated from NewRatio and the -Xmx setting.

• Larger eden or younger generation spaces increase the spacing between full GCs. But young space collections could take a proportionally longer time. In general, keep the eden size between one fourth and one third the maximum heap size. The old generation must be larger than the new generation.

For up-to-date defaults, see Java HotSpot VM Options.

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Example 4–1 Heap Configuration on Solaris

This is an exmple heap configuration used by Application Server on Solaris for large applications:

-Xms3584m
 -Xmx3584m
 -verbose:gc
 -Dsun.rmi.dgc.client.gcInterval=3600000

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Survivor Ratio Sizing

The SurvivorRatio parameter controls the size of the two survivor spaces. For example, -XX:SurvivorRatio=6 sets the ratio between each survivor space and eden to be 1:6, each survivor space will be one eighth of the young generation. The default for Solaris is 32. If survivor spaces are too small, copying collection overflows directly into the old generation. If survivor spaces are too large, they will be empty. At each GC, the JVM determines the number of times an object can be copied before it is tenured, called the tenure threshold. This threshold is chosen to keep the survivor space half full.

Use the option -XX:+PrintTenuringDistribution to show the threshold and ages of the objects in the new generation. It is useful for observing the lifetime distribution of an application.

Rebasing DLLs on Windows

When the JVM initializes, it tries to allocate its heap using the -Xms setting. The base addresses of Application Server DLLs can restrict the amount of contiguous address space available, causing JVM initialization to fail. The amount of contiguous address space available for Java memory varies depending on the base addresses assigned to the DLLs. You can increase the amount of contiguous address space available by rebasing the Application Server DLLs.

To prevent load address collisions, set preferred base addresses with the rebase utilty that comes with Visual Studio and the Platform SDK. Use the rebase utility to reassign the base addresses of the Application Server DLLs to prevent relocations at load time and increase the available process memory for the Java heap.

There are a few Application Server DLLs that have non-default base addresses that can cause collisions. For example:

• The nspr libraries have a preferred address of 0x30000000.

• The icu libraries have the address of 0x4A?00000.

Move these libraries near the system DLLs (msvcrt.dll is at 0x78000000) to increase the available maximum contiguous address space substantially. Since rebasing can be done on any DLL, rebase to the DLLs after installing the Application Server.

To rebase the Application Server’s DLLs

Before You Begin

To perform rebasing, you need:

• Windows 2000

• Visual Studio and the Microsoft Framework SDK rebase utility

1. Make install_dir\ bin the default directory.

   cd install_dir\bin

2. Enter this command:

   rebase -b 0x6000000 *.dll

3. Use the dependencywalker utility to make sure the DLLs were rebased correctly.

   For more information, see the Dependency Walker website.

4. Increase the size for the Java heap, and set the JVM Option accordingly on the JVM Settings page in the Admin Console.

5. Restart the Application Server.

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Example 4–2 Heap Configuration on Windows

This is an example heap configuration used by Sun Java System Application Server for heavy server-centric applications, on Windows, as set in the domain.xml file.

<jvm-options> -Xms1400m </jvm-options>
<jvm-options> -Xmx1400m </jvm-options>

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See Also

For more information on rebasing, see MSDN documentation for rebase utility.

Further Information

For more information on tuning the JVM, see:

• Java HotSpot VM Options

• Frequently Asked Questions About the Java HotSpot Virtual Machine

• Performance Documentation for the Java HotSpot VM

• Java performance web page

• Monitoring and Management for the Java Platform (J2SE 5.0)

• The jvmstat monitoring utility