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Writing Device Drivers
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Writing Device Drivers
Index
Numbers and Symbols
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Book Information
Preface
Who Should Use This Book
How This Book Is Organized
Related Books and Papers
Documentation, Support, and Training
Typographic Conventions
Shell Prompts in Command Examples
Designing Device Drivers for the Solaris Platform
1. Overview of Solaris Device Drivers
Device Driver Basics
What Is a Device Driver?
What Is a Device Driver Entry Point?
Device Driver Entry Points
Entry Points Common to All Drivers
Device Access Entry Points
Loadable Module Entry Points
Autoconfiguration Entry Points
Kernel Statistics Entry Points
Power Management Entry Point
Summary of Common Entry Points
Entry Points for Block Device Drivers
Entry Points for Character Device Drivers
Entry Points for STREAMS Device Drivers
Entry Points for Memory Mapped Devices
Entry Points for the Generic LAN Device (GLD) Driver
Entry Points for SCSI HBA Drivers
Entry Points for PC Card Drivers
Considerations in Device Driver Design
DDI/DKI Facilities
Device IDs
Device Properties
Interrupt Handling
Callback Functions
Software State Management
Programmed I/O Device Access
Direct Memory Access (DMA)
Layered Driver Interfaces
Driver Context
Returning Errors
Dynamic Memory Allocation
Hotplugging
2. Solaris Kernel and Device Tree
What Is the Kernel?
Multithreaded Execution Environment
Virtual Memory
Devices as Special Files
DDI/DKI Interfaces
Overview of the Device Tree
Device Tree Components
Displaying the Device Tree
libdevinfo Library
prtconf Command
/devices Directory
Binding a Driver to a Device
Generic Device Names
3. Multithreading
Locking Primitives
Storage Classes of Driver Data
Mutual-Exclusion Locks
Setting Up Mutexes
Using Mutexes
Readers/Writer Locks
Semaphores
Thread Synchronization
Condition Variables in Thread Synchronization
Initializing Condition Variables
Waiting for the Condition
Signaling the Condition
cv_wait() and cv_timedwait() Functions
cv_wait_sig() Function
cv_timedwait_sig() Function
Choosing a Locking Scheme
Potential Locking Pitfalls
Threads Unable to Receive Signals
4. Properties
Device Properties
Device Property Names
Creating and Updating Properties
Looking Up Properties
prop_op() Entry Point
5. Managing Events and Queueing Tasks
Managing Events
Introduction to Events
Using ddi_log_sysevent() to Log Events
ddi_log_sysevent() Syntax
Sample Code for Logging Events
Defining Event Attributes
Queueing Tasks
Introduction to Task Queues
Task Queue Interfaces
Using Task Queues
Observing Task Queues
Task Queue Kernel Statistics Counters
Task Queue DTrace SDT Probes
6. Driver Autoconfiguration
Driver Loading and Unloading
Data Structures Required for Drivers
modlinkage Structure
modldrv Structure
dev_ops Structure
cb_ops Structure
Loadable Driver Interfaces
_init() Example
_fini() Example
_info() Example
Device Configuration Concepts
Device Instances and Instance Numbers
Minor Nodes and Minor Numbers
probe() Entry Point
attach() Entry Point
Driver Soft-State Management
Lock Variable and Conditional Variable Initialization
Creating Minor Device Nodes
Deferred Attach
detach() Entry Point
getinfo() Entry Point
Using Device IDs
Registering Device IDs
Registering a Device-Supplied ID
Registering a Fabricated ID
Unregistering Device IDs
7. Device Access: Programmed I/O
Device Memory
Managing Differences in Device and Host Endianness
Managing Data Ordering Requirements
ddi_device_acc_attr Structure
Mapping Device Memory
Mapping Setup Example
Device Access Functions
Alternate Device Access Interfaces
Memory Space Access
I/O Space Access
PCI Configuration Space Access
8. Interrupt Handlers
Interrupt Handler Overview
Device Interrupts
High-Level Interrupts
Legacy Interrupts
Standard and Extended Message-Signaled Interrupts
MSI Interrupts
MSI-X Interrupts
Software Interrupts
DDI Interrupt Functions
Interrupt Capability Functions
Interrupt Initialization and Destruction Functions
Priority Management Functions
Soft Interrupt Functions
Interrupt Function Examples
Registering Interrupts
Registering Legacy Interrupts
Registering MSI Interrupts
Interrupt Handler Functionality
Handling High-Level Interrupts
High-Level Mutexes
High-Level Interrupt Handling Example
9. Direct Memory Access (DMA)
DMA Model
Types of Device DMA
Bus-Master DMA
Third-Party DMA
First-Party DMA
Types of Host Platform DMA
DMA Software Components: Handles, Windows, and Cookies
DMA Operations
Performing Bus-Master DMA Transfers
Performing First-Party DMA Transfers
Performing Third-Party DMA Transfers
DMA Attributes
ddi_dma_attr Structure
SBus Example
ISA Bus Example
Managing DMA Resources
Object Locking
Allocating a DMA Handle
Allocating DMA Resources
Device Register Structure
DMA Callback Example
Determining Maximum Burst Sizes
Allocating Private DMA Buffers
Handling Resource Allocation Failures
Programming the DMA Engine
Freeing the DMA Resources
Freeing the DMA Handle
Canceling DMA Callbacks
Synchronizing Memory Objects
Cache
ddi_dma_sync() Function
DMA Windows
10. Mapping Device and Kernel Memory
Memory Mapping Overview
Exporting the Mapping
The segmap(9E) Entry Point
The devmap(9E) Entry Point
Associating Device Memory With User Mappings
Associating Kernel Memory With User Mappings
Allocating Kernel Memory for User Access
Exporting Kernel Memory to Applications
Freeing Kernel Memory Exported for User Access
11. Device Context Management
Introduction to Device Context
What Is a Device Context?
Context Management Model
Context Management Operation
devmap_callback_ctl Structure
Entry Points for Device Context Management
devmap_map() Entry Point
devmap_access() Entry Point
devmap_contextmgt() Entry Point
devmap_dup() Entry Point
devmap_unmap() Entry Point
Associating User Mappings With Driver Notifications
Managing Mapping Accesses
devmap_load() Entry Point
devmap_unload() Entry Point
12. Power Management
Power Management Framework
Device Power Management
System Power Management
Device Power Management Model
Power Management Components
Multiple Power Management Components
Power Management States
Power Levels
Power Management Dependencies
Automatic Power Management for Devices
Device Power Management Interfaces
Busy-Idle State Transitions
Device Power State Transitions
power() Entry Point
System Power Management Model
Autoshutdown Threshold
Busy State
Hardware State
Automatic Power Management for Systems
Entry Points Used by System Power Management
detach() Entry Point
attach() Entry Point
Power Management Device Access Example
Power Management Flow of Control
Changes to Power Management Interfaces
13. Hardening Solaris Drivers
Sun Fault Management Architecture I/O Fault Services
What Is Predictive Self-Healing?
Solaris Fault Manager
Diagnosis, Suspect Lists, and Fault Events
Response Agents
Message IDs and Dictionary Files
System Topology
Error Handling
Declaring Fault Management Capabilities
Cleaning Up Fault Management Resources
Getting the Fault Management Capability Bit Mask
Reporting Errors
Queueing an Error Event
Detecting and Reporting PCI-Related Errors
Reporting Standard I/O Controller Errors
Service Impact Function
Access Attributes Structure
DMA Attributes Structure
Getting Error Status
Clearing Errors
Registering an Error Handler
Fault Management Data and Status Structure
Diagnosing Faults
Standard Leaf Device Diagnosis
Specialized Device Diagnosis
Event Registry
Glossary
Resources
Defensive Programming Techniques for Solaris Device Drivers
Using Separate Device Driver Instances
Exclusive Use of DDI Access Handles
Detecting Corrupted Data
Corruption of Device Management and Control Data
Corruption of Received Data
DMA Isolation
Handling Stuck Interrupts
Additional Programming Considerations
Thread Interaction
Threats From Top-Down Requests
Adaptive Strategies
Driver Hardening Test Harness
Fault Injection
Setting Up the Test Harness
Installing the Test Harness
Configuring the Test Harness
Testing the Driver
Creating Faults
Injecting Faults
Fault-Injection Process
Test Harness Warnings
Using Scripts to Automate the Test Process
Automated Test Process
14. Layered Driver Interface (LDI)
LDI Overview
Kernel Interfaces
Layered Identifiers – Kernel Device Consumers
Layered Driver Handles – Target Devices
Opening and Closing Target Devices
Accessing Target Devices
Retrieving Target Device Information
Retrieving Target Device Property Values
Receiving Asynchronous Device Event Notification
LDI Kernel Interfaces Example
Device Configuration File
Driver Source File
How to Build and Load the Layered Driver
Test the Layered Driver
User Interfaces
Device Information Library Interfaces
Print System Configuration Command Interfaces
Device User Command Interfaces
Designing Specific Kinds of Device Drivers
15. Drivers for Character Devices
Overview of the Character Driver Structure
Character Device Autoconfiguration
Device Access (Character Drivers)
open() Entry Point (Character Drivers)
close() Entry Point (Character Drivers)
I/O Request Handling
User Addresses
Vectored I/O
Differences Between Synchronous and Asynchronous I/O
Data Transfer Methods
Programmed I/O Transfers
DMA Transfers (Synchronous)
DMA Transfers (Asynchronous)
minphys() Entry Point
strategy() Entry Point
Mapping Device Memory
Multiplexing I/O on File Descriptors
Miscellaneous I/O Control
ioctl() Entry Point (Character Drivers)
I/O Control Support for 64-Bit Capable Device Drivers
Handling copyout() Overflow
32-bit and 64-bit Data Structure Macros
How Do the Structure Macros Work?
When to Use Structure Macros
Declaring and Initializing Structure Handles
Operations on Structure Handles
Other Operations
16. Drivers for Block Devices
Block Driver Structure Overview
File I/O
Block Device Autoconfiguration
Controlling Device Access
open() Entry Point (Block Drivers)
close() Entry Point (Block Drivers)
strategy() Entry Point
buf Structure
bp_mapin Structure
Synchronous Data Transfers (Block Drivers)
Asynchronous Data Transfers (Block Drivers)
Checking for Invalid buf Requests
Enqueuing the Request
Starting the First Transfer
Handling the Interrupting Device
dump() and print() Entry Points
dump() Entry Point (Block Drivers)
print() Entry Point (Block Drivers)
Disk Device Drivers
Disk ioctls
Disk Performance
17. SCSI Target Drivers
Introduction to Target Drivers
Sun Common SCSI Architecture Overview
General Flow of Control
SCSA Functions
Hardware Configuration File
Declarations and Data Structures
scsi_device Structure
scsi_pkt Structure (Target Drivers)
Autoconfiguration for SCSI Target Drivers
probe() Entry Point (SCSI Target Drivers)
attach() Entry Point (SCSI Target Drivers)
detach() Entry Point (SCSI Target Drivers)
getinfo() Entry Point (SCSI Target Drivers)
Resource Allocation
scsi_init_pkt() Function
scsi_sync_pkt() Function
scsi_destroy_pkt() Function
scsi_alloc_consistent_buf() Function
scsi_free_consistent_buf() Function
Building and Transporting a Command
Building a Command
Setting Target Capabilities
Transporting a Command
Synchronous scsi_transport() Function
Command Completion
Reuse of Packets
Auto-Request Sense Mode
Dump Handling
SCSI Options
18. SCSI Host Bus Adapter Drivers
Introduction to Host Bus Adapter Drivers
SCSI Interface
SCSA HBA Interfaces
SCSA HBA Entry Point Summary
SCSA HBA Data Structures
scsi_hba_tran() Structure
scsi_address Structure
scsi_device Structure
scsi_pkt Structure (HBA)
Per-Target Instance Data
Transport Structure Cloning
SCSA HBA Functions
HBA Driver Dependency and Configuration Issues
Declarations and Structures
Per-Command Structure
Entry Points for Module Initialization
_init() Entry Point (SCSI HBA Drivers)
_fini() Entry Point (SCSI HBA Drivers)
Autoconfiguration Entry Points
attach() Entry Point (SCSI HBA Drivers)
Soft-State Structure
DMA
Transport Structure
Attaching an HBA Driver
Register Mapping
Adding an Interrupt Handler
Create Power Manageable Components
Report Attachment Status
detach() Entry Point (SCSI HBA Drivers)
Entry Points for SCSA HBA Drivers
Target Driver Instance Initialization
tran_tgt_init() Entry Point
tran_tgt_probe() Entry Point
tran_tgt_free() Entry Point
Resource Allocation
tran_init_pkt() Entry Point
Allocation and Initialization of a scsi_pkt(9S) Structure
Allocation of DMA Resources
Reallocation of DMA Resources for Data Transfer
tran_destroy_pkt() Entry Point
tran_sync_pkt() Entry Point
tran_dmafree() Entry Point
Command Transport
tran_start() Entry Point
Interrupt Handler and Command Completion
Timeout Handler
Capability Management
tran_getcap() Entry Point
tran_setcap() Entry Point
Abort and Reset Management
tran_abort() Entry Point
tran_reset() Entry Point
tran_bus_reset() Entry Point
tran_reset_notify() Entry Point
Dynamic Reconfiguration
SCSI HBA Driver Specific Issues
Installing HBA Drivers
HBA Configuration Properties
scsi-reset-delay Property
scsi-options Property
Per-Target scsi-options
x86 Target Driver Configuration Properties
Support for Queuing
19. Drivers for Network Devices
Generic LAN Driver Overview
Type DL_ETHER: Ethernet V2 and ISO 8802-3 (IEEE 802.3)
Types DL_TPR and DL_FDDI: SNAP Processing
Type DL_TPR: Source Routing
Style 1 and Style 2 DLPI Providers
Implemented DLPI Primitives
Implemented ioctl Functions
GLD Driver Requirements
Network Statistics
Declarations and Data Structures
gld_mac_info Structure
gld_stats Structure
GLD Arguments
GLD Entry Points
gldm_reset() Entry Point
gldm_start() Entry Point
gldm_stop() Entry Point
gldm_set_mac_addr() Entry Point
gldm_set_multicast() Entry Point
gldm_set_promiscuous() Entry Point
gldm_send() Entry Point
gldm_intr() Entry Point
gldm_get_stats() Entry Point
gldm_ioctl() Entry Point
GLD Return Values
GLD Service Routines
gld_mac_alloc() Function
gld_mac_free() Function
gld_register() Function
gld_unregister() Function
gld_recv() Function
gld_sched() Function
gld_intr() Function
20. USB Drivers
USB in the Solaris Environment
USBA 2.0 Framework
USB Client Drivers
Binding Client Drivers
How USB Devices Appear to the System
USB Devices and the Solaris Device Tree
Compatible Device Names
Devices With Multiple Interfaces
Checking Device Driver Bindings
Basic Device Access
Before the Client Driver Is Attached
The Descriptor Tree
Registering Drivers to Gain Device Access
Device Communication
USB Endpoints
The Default Pipe
Pipe States
Opening Pipes
Closing Pipes
Data Transfer
Synchronous and Asynchronous Transfers and Callbacks
Requests
Request Allocation and Deallocation
Request Features and Fields
Control Requests
Bulk Requests
Interrupt Requests
Isochronous Requests
Flushing Pipes
Device State Management
Hotplugging USB Devices
Hotplug Callbacks
Hot Insertion
Hot Removal
Hot Reinsertion
Power Management
Device Power Management
Active Power Management
Passive Power Management
System Power Management
Serialization
Utility Functions
Device Configuration Facilities
Getting Interface Numbers
Managing Entire Devices
Multiple-Configuration Devices
Modifying or Getting the Alternate Setting
Other Utility Functions
Retrieving a String Descriptor
Pipe Private Data Facility
Clearing a USB Condition
Getting Device, Interface, or Endpoint Status
Getting the Bus Address of a Device
Sample USB Device Driver
Building a Device Driver
21. Compiling, Loading, Packaging, and Testing Drivers
Driver Development Summary
Driver Code Layout
Header Files
Source Files
Configuration Files
Preparing for Driver Installation
Compiling and Linking the Driver
Module Dependencies
Writing a Hardware Configuration File
Installing, Updating, and Removing Drivers
Copying the Driver to a Module Directory
Installing Drivers with add_drv
Updating Driver Information
Removing the Driver
Loading and Unloading Drivers
Driver Packaging
Package Postinstall
Package Preremove
Criteria for Testing Drivers
Configuration Testing
Functionality Testing
Error Handling
Testing Loading and Unloading
Stress, Performance, and Interoperability Testing
DDI/DKI Compliance Testing
Installation and Packaging Testing
Testing Specific Types of Drivers
Tape Drivers
Disk Drivers
Asynchronous Communication Drivers
Network Drivers
22. Debugging, Testing, and Tuning Device Drivers
Testing Drivers
Enable the Deadman Feature to Avoid a Hard Hang
Testing With a Serial Connection
To Set Up the Host System for a tip Connection
Setting Up a Target System on the SPARC Platform
Setting Up a Target System on the x86 Platform
Setting Up Test Modules
Setting Kernel Variables
Loading and Unloading Test Modules
Using the modload() Function
Using the modinfo() Function
Using modunload()
Setting the moddebug Kernel Variable
Setting kmem_flags Debugging Flags
Avoiding Data Loss on a Test System
Back Up Critical System Files
To Boot With an Alternate Kernel
Consider Alternative Back-Up Plans
Capture System Crash Dumps
Recovering the Device Directory
Debugging Tools
Postmortem Debugging
Using the kmdb Kernel Debugger
Booting kmdb With an Alternate Kernel on the SPARC Platform
Booting kmdb With an Alternate Kernel on the x86 Platform
Setting Breakpoints in kmdb
kmdb Macros for Driver Developers
Using the mdb Modular Debugger
Getting Started With the Modular Debugger
Useful Debugging Tasks With kmdb and mdb
Exploring System Registers With kmdb
Detecting Kernel Memory Leaks
Writing Debugger Commands With mdb
Obtaining Kernel Data Structure Information
Obtaining Device Tree Information
Retrieving Driver Soft State Information
Modifying Kernel Variables
Tuning Drivers
Kernel Statistics
Kernel Statistics Structure Members
Kernel Statistics Structures
Kernel Statistics Functions
Kernel Statistics for Solaris Ethernet Drivers
DTrace for Dynamic Instrumentation
23. Recommended Coding Practices
Debugging Preparation Techniques
Use a Unique Prefix to Avoid Kernel Symbol Collisions
Use cmn_err() to Log Driver Activity
Use ASSERT() to Catch Invalid Assumptions
Use mutex_owned() to Validate and Document Locking Requirements
Use Conditional Compilation to Toggle Costly Debugging Features
Declaring a Variable Volatile
Serviceability
Periodic Health Checks
Appendixes
A. Hardware Overview
SPARC Processor Issues
SPARC Data Alignment
Member Alignment in SPARC Structures
SPARC Byte Ordering
SPARC Register Windows
SPARC Multiply and Divide Instructions
x86 Processor Issues
x86 Byte Ordering
x86 Architecture Manuals
Endianness
Store Buffers
System Memory Model
Total Store Ordering (TSO)
Partial Store Ordering (PSO)
Bus Architectures
Device Identification
Supported Interrupt Types
Bus Specifics
PCI Local Bus
PCI Address Domain
PCI Configuration Address Space
PCI Configuration Base Address Registers
PCI Memory Address Space
PCI I/O Address Space
PCI Hardware Configuration Files
PCI Express
SBus
SBus Physical Address Space
Physical SBus Addresses
SBus Hardware Configuration Files
Device Issues
Timing-Critical Sections
Delays
Internal Sequencing Logic
Interrupt Issues
PROM on SPARC Machines
Open Boot PROM 3
Forth Commands
Walking the PROMs Device Tree
Mapping the Device
Reading and Writing
B. Summary of Solaris DDI/DKI Services
Module Functions
Device Information Tree Node (dev_info_t) Functions
Device (dev_t) Functions
Property Functions
Device Software State Functions
Memory Allocation and Deallocation Functions
Kernel Thread Control and Synchronization Functions
Task Queue Management Functions
Interrupt Functions
Programmed I/O Functions
Direct Memory Access (DMA) Functions
User Space Access Functions
User Process Event Functions
User Process Information Functions
User Application Kernel and Device Access Functions
Time-Related Functions
Power Management Functions
Fault Management Functions
Kernel Statistics Functions
Kernel Logging and Printing Functions
Buffered I/O Functions
Virtual Memory Functions
Device ID Functions
SCSI Functions
Resource Map Management Functions
System Global State
Utility Functions
C. Making a Device Driver 64-Bit Ready
Introduction to 64-Bit Driver Design
General Conversion Steps
Use Fixed-Width Types for Hardware Registers
Use Fixed-Width Common Access Functions
Check and Extend Use of Derived Types
Check Changed Fields in DDI Data Structures
buf Structure Changes
ddi_dma_attr
ddi_dma_cookie Structure Changes
csi_arq_status Structure Changes
scsi_pkt Structure Changes
Check Changed Arguments of DDI Functions
getrbuf() Argument Changes
drv_getparm() Argument Changes
delay() and timeout() Argument Changes
rmallocmap() and rmallocmap_wait() Argument Changes
scsi_alloc_consistent_buf() Argument Changes
uiomove() Argument Changes
cv_timedwait() and cv_timedwait_sig() Argument Changes
ddi_device_copy() Argument Changes
ddi_device_zero() Argument Changes
ddi_dma_mem_alloc() Argument Changes
Modify Routines That Handle Data Sharing
Data Sharing in ioctl()
Data Sharing in devmap()
Data Sharing in mmap()
Check Structures with 64-bit Long Data Types on x86-Based Platforms
Well Known ioctl Interfaces
Device Sizes
D. Console Frame Buffer Drivers
Solaris Consoles and the Kernel Terminal Emulator
x86 Platform Console Communication
SPARC Platform Console Communication
Console Visual I/O Interfaces
I/O Control Interfaces
Polled I/O Interfaces
Video Mode Change Callback Interface
Implementing the Visual I/O Interfaces in Console Frame Buffer Drivers
VIS_DEVINIT
VIS_DEFINI
VIS_CONSDISPLAY
VIS_CONSCOPY
VIS_CONSCURSOR
VIS_PUTCMAP
VIS_GETCMAP
Implementing Polled I/O in Console Frame Buffer Drivers
Frame Buffer Specific Configuration Module
The X Window System Frame Buffer Specific DDX Module
Developing, Testing, and Debugging Console Frame Buffer Drivers
Testing the I/O Control Interfaces
Testing the Polled I/O Interfaces
Testing the Video Mode Change Callback Function
Additional Suggestions for Testing Console Frame Buffer Drivers
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