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FORTRAN 77 Language Reference
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Preface

This manual provides a reference to the Fortran 77 language accepted by the Sun(TM) FORTRAN 5.0 compiler f77.

Who Should Use This Book

This is a reference manual intended for programmers with a working knowledge of the Fortran language and some understanding of the Solaris(TM) operating environment and UNIX commands.

How This Book Is Organized

This book is organized into the following chapters and appendixes:

Chapter 1, "Elements of FORTRAN" introduces the basic parts of Sun FORTRAN 77, standards conformance, and elements of the language.

Chapter 2, "Data Types and Data Items" describes the data types and data structures in the language, including arrays, substrings, structures, and pointers.

Chapter 3, "Expressions" discusses FORTRAN expressions and how they are evaluated.

Chapter 4, "Statements" details the statements in the FORTRAN 77 language and the extensions recognized by the Sun compiler.

Chapter 5, "Input and Output" describes the general concepts of FORTRAN input/output and provides details on the different I/O operations.

Chapter 6, "Intrinsic Functions" tabulates and explains the intrinsic functions that are part of Sun FORTRAN 77, including VAX VMS extensions.

Appendix A, "ASCII Character Set" lists the standard ASCII character set.

Appendix B, "Sample Statements" shows samples of selected FORTRAN 77 statements for quick reference.

Appendix C, "Data Representations" introduces the way data is represented in FORTRAN.

Appendix D, "VMS Language Extensions" describes the VAX VMS language extensions provided in Sun FORTRAN 77.

Multi-Platform Release

Note -

The name of the latest Solaris operating environment release is Solaris 7 but some documentation and path or package path names may still use Solaris 2.7 or SunOS 5.7.

The SunTM WorkShopTM documentation applies to Solaris 2.5.1, Solaris 2.6, and Solaris 7 operating environments on:

  • The SPARC(TM) platform

  • The x86 platform, where x86 refers to the Intel® implementation of one of the following: Intel 80386TM, Intel 80486TM, PentiumTM, or the equivalent

    Note -

    The term "x86" refers to the Intel 8086 family of microprocessor chips, including the Pentium, Pentium Pro, and Pentium II processors and compatible microprocessor chips made by AMD and Cyrix. In this document, the term "x86" refers to the overall platform architecture. Features described in this book that are particular to a specific platform are differentiated by the terms "SPARC" and "x86" in the text.

Related Books

The following books augment this manual and provide essential information:

  • Fortran User's Guide--provides information on command line options and how to use the compilers.

  • Fortran Programming Guide--discusses issues relating to input/output, libraries, program analysis, debugging, performance, and so on.

  • Fortran Library Reference-gives details on the language and routines.

  • Sun Performance WorkShop Fortran Overview gives a high-level outline of the Fortran package suite.

Other Programming Books

  • C User's Guide--describes compiler options, pragmas, and more.

  • Numerical Computation Guide--details floating-point computation and numerical accuracy issues.

  • Sun WorkShop Performance Library Reference-discusses the library of subroutines and functions to perform useful operations in computational linear algebra and Fourier transforms.

Other Sun WorkShop Books

  • Sun WorkShop Quick Install-provides installation instructions.

  • Sun WorkShop Installation Reference-provides supporting installation and licensing information.

  • Sun Visual WorkShop C++ Overview-gives a high-level outline of the C++ package suite.

  • Using Sun WorkShop--gives information on performing development operations through Sun WorkShop.

  • Debugging a Program With dbx--provides information on using dbx commands to debug a program.

  • Analyzing Program Performance with Sun WorkShop--describes the profiling tools; LoopTool, LoopReport, LockLint utilities; and the Sampling Analyzer to enhance program performance.

  • Sun WorkShop TeamWare User's Guide--describes how to use the Sun WorkShop TeamWare code management tools.

Solaris Books

The following Solaris manuals and guides provide additional useful information:

  • The Solaris Linker and Libraries Guide--gives information on linking and libraries.

  • The Solaris Programming Utilities Guide--provides information for developers about the special built-in programming tools available in the SunOS system.

Ordering Sun Documents

The SunDocsSM program provides more than 250 manuals from Sun Microsystems, Inc. If you live in the United States, Canada, Europe, or Japan, you can purchase documentation sets or individual manuals using this program.

For a list of documents and how to order them, see the catalog section of the SunExpressTM Internet site at http://www.sun.com/sunexpress.

Accessing Sun Documents Online

Sun WorkShop documentation is available online from several sources:

  • The docs.sun.com Web site

  • AnswerBook2TM collections

  • HTML documents

  • Online help and release notes

Using the docs.sun.com Web site

The docs.sun.com Web site enables you to access Sun technical documentation online. You can browse the docs.sun.com archive or search for a specific book title or subject. The URL is http://docs.sun.com.

Accessing AnswerBook2 Collections

The Sun WorkShop documentation is also available using AnswerBook2 software. To access the AnswerBook2 collections, your system administrator must have installed the AnswerBook2 documents during the installation process (if the documents are not installed, see your system administrator or Chapter 3 of Sun WorkShop Quick Install for installation instructions). For information about accessing AnswerBook2 documents, see Chapter 6 of Sun WorkShop Quick Install, Solaris installation documentation, or your system administrator.

Note -

To access AnswerBook2 documents, Solaris 2.5.1 users must first download AnswerBook2 documentation server software from a Sun Web page. For more information, see Chapter 6 of Sun WorkShop Quick Install.

Accessing HTML Documents

The following Sun Workshop documents are available online only in HTML format:

  • Tools.h++ Class Library Reference

  • Tools.h++ User's Guide

  • Numerical Computation Guide

  • Standard C++ Library User's Guide

  • Standard C++ Class Library Reference

  • Sun WorkShop Performance Library Reference Manual

  • Sun WorkShop Visual User's Guide

  • Sun WorkShop Memory Monitor User's Manual

To access these HTML documents:

  1. Open the following file through your HTML browser:

    install-directory/SUNWspro/DOC5.0/lib/locale/C/html/index.html

    Replace install-directory with the name of the directory where your Sun WorkShop software is installed (the default is /opt).

    The browser displays an index of the HTML documents for the Sun WorkShop products that are installed.

  2. Open a document in the index by clicking the document's title.

Accessing Sun WorkShop Online Help and Release Notes

This release of Sun WorkShop includes an online help system as well as online manuals. To find out more see:

  • Online Help. A help system containing extensive task-oriented, context-sensitive help. To access the help, choose Help Help Contents. Help menus are available in all Sun WorkShop windows.

  • Release Notes. The Release Notes contain general information about Sun WorkShop and specific information about software limitations and bugs. To access the Release Notes, choose Help Release Notes.

  • You can view the latest release information regarding the FORTRAN 77 compiler, f77, by invoking the compiler with the -xhelp=readme flag.

What Typographic Changes Mean

The following table describes the typographic changes used in this book.

Table P-1 Typographic Conventions

Typeface or Symbol 

Meaning 

Example 

AaBbCc123

The names of commands, files, and directories; on-screen computer output 

Edit your .login file.

Use ls -a to list all files.

machine_name% You have mail.

 

AaBbCc123

What you type, contrasted with on-screen computer output 

machine_name% su

Password:

AaBbCc123

Command-line placeholder: 

replace with a real name or value 

To delete a file, type rm filename.

AaBbCc123

Book titles, new words or terms, or words to be emphasized 

Read Chapter 6 in User's Guide. These are called class options.

You must be root to do this.

  • Examples use the csh shell and demo% as the system prompt, or the sh shell and demo$ as the prompt.

  • The symbol ¤ stands for a blank space where a blank is significant: 

     

¤¤36.001

  • Nonstandard features are tagged with the symbol "@". Standards are discussed in Chapter 1.

  • FORTRAN examples appear in tab format, not fixed columns. See the discussion of source line formats in the Fortran User's Guide for details.

  • The FORTRAN 77 standard uses an older convention of spelling the name "FORTRAN" capitalized. Sun documentation uses both FORTRAN and Fortran. The current convention is to use lower case: "Fortran 95".

Shell Prompts in Command Examples

The following table shows the default system prompt and superuser prompt for the C shell, Bourne shell, and Korn shell.

Table P-2 Shell Prompts

Shell 

Prompt 

C shell prompt 

machine_name%

C shell superuser prompt 

machine_name#

Bourne shell and Korn shell prompt 

$

Bourne shell and Korn shell superuser prompt 

#