Requirements

Before you start to configure the operating environment for a new CD-ROM, diskette drive, or PCMCIA memory card, you must:

• Install the Solaris 2.5.1 software
• Shut down the system and peripherals that are already connected, as described in "Shutting Down the System" on page 3

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Note - If you did not follow the procedures in "Shutting Down the System" on page 3, the operating system may not recognize the new removable media device.

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CD-ROM Drives

CD-ROMs provide large data capacity and have quickly become today's medium of choice for software distribution. CD-ROM drives allow you to add both operating system and application packages quickly and easily to the workstations you administer.

· Adding a CD-ROM Drive

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Note - If you have more than one SCSI device, you must set each SCSI address switch to a different target ID.

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3. Install the CD-ROM drive.

   For installation information, refer to the documentation that accompanies your hardware.

4. Turn on the power to all external peripheral devices, this includes the CD-ROM drive that you plan to configure and the system.

   The system is booted and the Solaris 2.5.1 operating environment configures the system by assigning a device address to the CD-ROM drive.

You are now ready to mount the CD-ROM drive. Refer to "How Solaris Manages CD-ROM and Diskette Devices" on page 54.

· Adding an Additional CD-ROM Drive

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Note - Be sure that the target number you select is not already used by a peripheral device attached to your system. Use the probe-scsi or probe-scsi-all command to list the existing devices and their addresses. You can connect no more than seven CD-ROM drives to a single SCSI bus provided that the total cable length does not exceed 6 meters.

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# Devices to use use cdrom drive /dev/dsk/c0t6 dev_cdrom.so cdrom0 use cdrom drive /dev/dsk/c0t5 dev_cdrom.so cdrom1

Example:

In this example, a new entry was added for a CD-ROM drive with a target number of 5. When a CD-ROM containing a file system is inserted into this secondary CD-ROM drive, it is automatically mounted as /cdrom/cdrom1. If the CD-ROM does not contain a file system, it can be accessed at /vol/dev/dsk/c0t5/unnamed_cdrom as a block device.

2. Install the additional CD-ROM drive.

   For installation information, refer to the documentation that accompanies your hardware. Turn on the power to all external peripheral devices, this includes the second CD-ROM drive that you plan to configure and the system.

   The system is booted and the Solaris 2.5.1 operating environment configures the system by assigning a device address to the CD-ROM drive.

You are now ready to mount the CD-ROM drive. Refer to "How Solaris Manages CD-ROM and Diskette Devices" on page 54.

Diskette Drives

Diskette drives provide small amounts of data storage and are typically used to transfer files to a non-networked personal computer or to store individual user files.

· Adding a Diskette Drive

2. Check that the address switch for the diskette drive has been correctly set.

   Refer to the documentation that accompanies your hardware to set the physical SCSI switch or jumpers on your diskette drive.

3. Install the diskette drive.

   For installation information, refer to the documentation that accompanies your hardware.

4. Turn on the power to the system.

   The system automatically boots and configures the new diskette drive.

You are now ready to mount the diskette drive. Refer to "How Solaris Manages CD-ROM and Diskette Devices" on page 54.

PCMCIA Memory Cards

Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) cards are rugged, credit card-sized, user-installable devices. You can use PCMCIA memory cards in the same way as a diskette, but you can store much larger amounts of data on a PCMCIA memory card.

· Formatting a PCMCIA Memory Card

Before using a PCMCIA memory card, you may need to format it. Use the fdformat utility to format diskettes and PCMCIA memory cards.

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Caution - Formatting deletes any data that may already be resident on a PCMCIA memory card. (See Table 4-1.)

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* Format the PCMCIA memory card using the fdformat command:

% fdformat option device_name

Table 4-1 lists the available options for the fdformat utility.

Table 4-1 fdformat

Option	Description
-U	Unmounts the PCMCIA memory card
-d	Installs an MS-DOS file system (UNIX file system is the default)
-f	Does not display confirmation messages before starting to format
-q	Disables print status messages
-x	Installs a Solaris label or an MS-DOS file system; it does not format the PCMCIA memory card
-b label	Specifies a UNIX or MS-DOS label on a PCMCIA memory card
-t dos	Installs an MS-DOS file system (UNIX file system is the default)
-B filename	Installs a special boot loader

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Note - There is no option in the fdformat utility for installing a NEC-DOS file system on a PCMCIA memory card.

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If you want to format a PCMCIA memory card, you must specify a device name for the PCMCIA memory card. Otherwise, the fdformat utility automatically specifies the diskette drive as the default device.

The format for a device name of a PCMCIA memory card is /dev/rdsk/cntndnsn or /dev/dsk/cntndnsn. For example, the device name /dev/dsk/c1t6d0s2 represents a PCMCIA SRAM memory card with the logical socket controller number 1, the technology number 6, and the slice number 2.

Table 4-2 lists the available device name options for the fdformat utility.

Table 4-2 fdformat

Device Name Option	Description
n	= a decimal number
cn	= controller n
tn	= technology region n 0x1 ROM, 0x2 OTPROM, 0x3 EPROM, 0x4 EEPROM, 0x5 FLASH, 0x6 SRAM, 0x7 DRAM
dn	= technology region in type n
1 sn	= slice n

How Solaris Manages CD-ROM and Diskette Devices

This section describes how to manage CD-ROM and diskette device information using the Solaris operating environment.

Volume Management	page 17
Comparing Automatic Versus Manual Mounting	page 34
Reference Material for CD-ROM and Diskette Devices	page 49
Using CDs and Diskettes	page 50

Volume Management

Volume Management automates the interaction between you and your CD-ROMs and diskettes. For example, in previous Solaris releases (Solaris 2.1 or earlier), to mount and access data on a CD-ROM you had to follow these steps:

# cd / # mkdir /cdrom # mount -F ufs -o ro /dev/dsk/c0t6d0s2 /cdrom

If you attempt to follow these instructions while using the Solaris 2.5.1 operating environment, you may see one or both of these messages:

# mkdir /cdrom mkdir: Failed to make directory "/cdrom"; File exists # mount -F ufs -o ro /dev/dsk/c0t6d0s0 /cdrom mount: /dev/dsk/c0t6d0s0 is already mounted, /cdrom is busy, or allowable number of mount points exceeded

You will also see the following messages when you attempt to use the /dev/diskette path to access or eject diskettes:

% tar cvf /dev/diskette proposal status reviewers tar: cannot open /dev/diskette. % eject /dev/diskette /dev/rdiskette is busy (try /vol name?)

In the Solaris 2.5.1 operating environment, Volume Management automatically mounts CD-ROMs and diskettes with file systems at /cdrom/cdrom_name and /floppy/floppy_name respectively. It also keeps track of CD-ROM and diskette file systems during a workstation session (rebooting will clear the in-memory database). To view the media that has been inserted during a workstation session, list /vol/dsk:

% ls /vol/dsk solaris_2_1/ unnamed_cdrom#1 unnamed_cdrom unnamed_floppy

Volume Management uses the configuration file /etc/vold.conf to determine which devices it manages. The default /etc/vold.conf file contains the following information:

# @(#)vold.conf 1.13 92/10/28 SMI # # Volume Daemon Configuration file # # Database to use (must be first) db db_mem.so # Labels supported label dos label_dos.so floppy label cdrom label_cdrom.so cdrom label sun label_sun.so floppy # Devices to use use cdrom drive /dev/dsk/c0t6 dev_cdrom.so cdrom0 use floppy drive /dev/fd0 dev_floppy.so floppy0 # Actions insert /vol*/dev/fd[0-9]/* user=root /usr/sbin/rmm insert /vol*/dev/dsk/* user=root /usr/sbin/rmm eject /vol*/dev/fd[0-9]/* user=root /usr/sbin/rmm eject /vol*/dev/dsk/* user=root /usr/sbin/rmm notify /vol*/rdsk/* group=tty /usr/lib/vold/volmissing -c # List of file system types unsafe to eject unsafe ufs hsfs pcfs

* Before you add secondary CD-ROM and diskette drives to a system, update the /etc/vold.conf file by adding the new devices to the "Devices to use" list. The syntax for a "Devices to use" entry is:

use device type special shared_object symname options

Each variable item in the device control line is defined in Table 4-3.

Table 4-3

Syntax	Description	Supported and Default Values
device	The type of removable media device to be used	cdrom, diskette
type	The class of device--multiple or single media support	drive
special	Pathname of the device to be used. Path usually begins with /dev	Default support is for the devices /dev/dsk/c0t6 and /dev/diskette
shared object	The location of the code that manages this device	The default location is /usr/lib/vold/name_ of_shared_object
symname	The symbolic name that refers to this device; the symname is placed in the device directory, either /cdrom or /floppy	Default values are cdrom0, floppy0
options	The user, group, and mode permissions for the media inserted	Default values are user=nobody, group=nobody, mode=0666

After updating the /etc/vold.conf file, attach the drive and reboot your system with a reconfiguration boot.

Comparing Automatic Versus Manual Mounting

Figure 4-1, below, compares the steps for manual mounting (without Volume Management) and automatic mounting (with Volume Management). Volume Management performs many of the tasks previously required to manually mount and work with CDs and diskettes.

Figure 4-1

Reference Material for CD-ROM and Diskette Devices

CD-ROM and diskette file systems are mounted in default locations by Volume Management when the media is inserted. See Table 4-4 for more information. These mount points are only created and mounted if a file system is already resident on the diskette.

Table 4-4

Media type	Mount location	State of media
Diskette	/floppy/floppy0	Symbolic link to mounted diskette in local diskette drive
Diskette	/floppy/floppy_name	Mounted named diskette
Diskette	/floppy/unnamed_floppy	Mounted unnamed diskette
CD-ROM	/cdrom/cdrom0	Symbolic link to mounted CD-ROM in local CD-ROM drive
CD-ROM	/cdrom/CD-ROM_name	Mounted named CD-ROM
CD-ROM	/cdrom/CD-ROM_name/partition	Mounted named CD-ROM with partitioned file system
CD-ROM	/cdrom/unnamed_cdrom	Mounted unnamed CD-ROM

If no file system exists on the media, Volume Management provides block and character devices in the /vol file system. See Table 4-5 for the location of diskette and CD-ROM media in the /vol file system.

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Note - All releases provide a symbolic link in /vol/dev/aliases.

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Table 4-5 /vol

Media Type	Device Location: Solaris 2.2	State of Media
Diskette	/vol/dev/fd0/unnamed_floppy	Formatted unnamed diskette--block device access
Diskette	/vol/dev/rfd0/unnamed_floppy	Formatted unnamed diskette--raw device access
Diskette	/vol/dev/fd0/unlabeled	Unlabeled diskette--block device access
Diskette	/vol/dev/rfd0/unlabeled	Unlabeled diskette--raw device access
CD-ROM	/vol/dev/dsk/c0t6/unnamed_cdrom	CD-ROM--block device access
CD-ROM	/vol/dev/rdsk/c0t6/unnamed_cdrom	CD-ROM--raw device access
Media Type	Device Location: Solaris 2.3 or higher	State of Media
Diskette	/vol/dev/diskette0/unnamed_floppy	Formatted unnamed diskette--block device access
Diskette	/vol/dev/rdiskette0/unnamed_floppy	Formatted unnamed diskette--raw device access
Diskette	/vol/dev/diskette0/unlabeled	Unlabeled diskette--block device access
Diskette	/vol/dev/rdiskette0/unlabeled	Unlabeled diskette--raw device access
CD-ROM	/vol/dev/dsk/c0t6/unnamed_cdrom	CD-ROM--block device access
CD-ROM	/vol/dev/rdsk/c0t6/unnamed_cdrom	CD-ROM--raw device access

Using CDs and Diskettes

Table 4-6 shows the various tasks you can perform using CDs and diskettes. See the System Administration Guide, Volume I, for details.

Table 4-6

Media Type	Task	Available with File Manager?	Available through Command Line?
CD	· How to load a CD	Yes	Yes
	· How to examine the contents of a CD	Yes	Yes
	· How to copy information from a CD	Yes	Yes
	· How to find out if a CD is still in use	No	Yes
	· How to eject a CD	Yes	Yes
	· How to access CDs on other systems	No	Yes
	· How to make local CDs available to other systems	No	Yes
	· How to configure a system to play musical CDs	No	Yes
	· How to stop Volume Management	No	Yes
	· How to restart Volume Management	No	Yes
Diskette	· How to format a UFS diskette	No	Yes
	· How to place a UFS file system on a diskette	No	Yes
	· How to format a DOS diskette	No	Yes
	· How to load a diskette	Yes	Yes
	· How to examine the contents of a diskette	Yes	Yes
	· How to copy or move information from a diskette	Yes	Yes
	· How to copy or move information to a diskette	Yes	Yes
	· How to find out if a diskette is still in use	No	Yes
	· How to eject a diskette	Yes	Yes
	· How to access diskettes on other systems	No	Yes
	· How to make local diskettes available to other systems	No	Yes