............................Contents


1. The SunOS Kernel and Device Tree	1
..What is the Kernel?	1
..Multithreading	2
..Virtual Memory	2
....Virtual Addresses	3
....Address Spaces	3
..Special Files	3
..Dynamic Loading of Kernel Modules	3
..Overview of the Solaris 2.x DDI/DKI	4
..The Device Tree	5
....Example Device Tree	7
....Displaying the Device Tree	9
....Binding a Driver to a Device Node	11
2. Hardware Overview	15
..SPARC Processor Issues	15


....Data Alignment	15
....Structure Member Alignment	16
....Byte Ordering	16
....Register Windows	16
....Floating Point Operations	17
.... Multiply and Divide Instructions	17
....SPARC Architecture Manual	17
..x86 Processor Issues	17
....Data Alignment	17
....Structure Member Alignment	18
....Byte Ordering	18
....Floating Point Operations	18
....x86 Architecture Manuals	18
..PowerPC Processor Issues	18
....Data Alignment	18
....Structure Member Alignment	19
....Byte Ordering	19
....Floating Point Operations	19
....PowerPC Architecture Manual	20
..Store Buffers	20
..System Memory Model	20
....Total Store Ordering (TSO)	21
....Partial Store Ordering (PSO)	21
..Bus Architectures	21


....Device Identification	22
....Interrupts	22
..Bus Specifics	23
....PCI Local Bus	23
....PCI Address Domain	25
....SBus	28
....VMEbus	31
....ISA Bus	34
....EISA Bus	35
....MCA Bus	36
..Device Issues	36
....Timing-Critical Sections	36
....Delays	37
....Internal Sequencing Logic	37
....Interrupt Issues	37
....Byte Ordering	38
....Device Component Representations	39
..The PROM on SPARC Machines	40
....Open Boot PROM 2.x	40
..Reading and Writing	46
3. Overview of SunOS Device Drivers	49
..What is a Device Driver?	49
..Types of Device Drivers	50
....Block Device Drivers	50


....Standard Character Device Drivers	50
....STREAMS Drivers	52
..Bus Address Spaces	52
....Overview	52
....Address Mapping Setup	53
....Data Access Functions	55
....Example Device Registers	57
....Device Register Structure	58
..Driver Interfaces	61
....Entry Points	61
..Callback functions	63
..Interrupt Handling	64
..Driver Context	65
..Printing Messages	66
..Dynamic Memory Allocation	66
..Software State Management	67
....State Structure	67
....State Management Routines	68
..Properties	69
..Driver Layout	73
....Header Files	73
....xx.c Files	73
....driver .conf Files	74
..Driver Structure Overview	74


..The C Language and Compiler Modes	75
....Compiler Modes	75
....Function Prototypes	75
....New Keywords	76
4. Multithreading	79
..Threads	79
....User Threads	79
....Kernel Threads	80
..Multiprocessing Changes Since SunOS 4.x	81
..Locking Primitives	82
....Storage Classes of Driver Data	82
....State Structure	83
....Mutual-Exclusion Locks	83
....Readers/Writer Locks	85
....Semaphores	85
..Thread Synchronization	85
....Condition Variables	85
....`cv_timedwait( )`	89
....`cv_wait_sig( )`	90
....`cv_timedwait_sig( )`	90
..Choosing a Locking Scheme	91
5. Autoconfiguration	93
..Overview	93
..State Structure	93


..Driver Loading and Configuration	94
..Data Structures	95
....`modlinkag`e()	95
....`modldrv()`	95
....`dev_ops()`	96
....`cb_ops`	96
..Loadable Driver Interface	98
..Device Configuration	100
....`identify( )`	100
....`probe( )`	101
....`attach( )`	105
....`detach( )`	110
....`getinf`o( )	112
6. Interrupt Handlers	115
..Overview	115
....Interrupt Specification	116
....Interrupt Number	117
....Interrupt Block Cookies	117
....Bus-Interrupt Levels	117
....High-Level Interrupts	117
..Types of Interrupts	118
....Vectored Interrupts	118
....Polled Interrupts	119
....Software Interrupts	119


..Registering Interrupts	120
..Responsibilities of an Interrupt Handler	121
..State Structure	124
..Handling High-Level Interrupts	124
....Example	125
7. DMA	129
..The DMA Model	129
..Types of Device DMA	130
..DMA and DVMA	131
..Handles, Windows and Cookies	132
..DMA Operations	132
....DMA attributes	134
....Object Locking	139
....Allocating a DMA Handle	140
....Allocating DMA Resources	141
....Burst Sizes	145
....Programming the DMA Engine	145
....Freeing the DMA Resources	147
....Freeing the DMA handle	148
..Cancelling DMA Callbacks	148
..Synchronizing Memory Objects	150
....Cache	150
....`ddi_dma_sync( )`	152
..DMA Windows	153


..Allocating Private DMA Buffers	156
....`ddi_dma_devalign( )`	158
8. Drivers for Character Devices	161
..Driver Structure Overview	161
....Character Driver Device Access	161
..Entry Points	163
..Autoconfiguration	164
..Controlling Device Access	165
..I/O Request Handling	167
....User Addresses	167
....Vectored I/O	168
....Synchronous vs. Asynchronous I/O	169
....Data Transfer Methods	170
..Mapping Device Memory	177
..Multiplexing I/O on File Descriptors	180
..Miscellaneous I/O Control	183
9. Drivers for Block Devices	187
..Driver Structure Overview	187
....Block Driver Device Access	187
..File I/O	189
..State Structure	189
..Entry Points	189
..Autoconfiguration	190
..Controlling Device Access	192


..Data Transfers	195
.....`strategy( )`	195
.....The `buf` Structure	195
..Synchronous Data Transfers	197
..Asynchronous Data Transfers	201
..Miscellaneous Entry Points	206
.....`dump( )`	206
.....`print( )`	207
10. Device Context Management	209
..What Is A Device Context?	209
..Context Management Model	209
.....Multiprocessor Considerations	211
..Context Management Operation	212
.....State Structure	212
.....Declarations and Data Structures	213
.....Associating Devices with User Mappings	213
.....Managing Mapping Accesses	216
.....Device Context Management Entry Points	217
11. SCSI Target Drivers	223
..Overview	223
..Reference Documents	224
..Sun Common SCSI Architecture Overview	225
.....General Flow of Control	226
..SCSA Functions	228


..SCSA Compatibility Functions	229
..SCSI Target Drivers	229
.....Hardware Configuration File	229
.....Declarations and Data Structures	230
.....Autoconfiguration	233
.....Resource Allocation	239
..Building and Transporting a Command	241
.....Building a Command	242
.....Capabilities	243
.....Transporting a Command	243
.....Command Completion	244
.....Reuse of packets	245
.....Auto-Request Sense Mode	246
12. SCSI Host Bus Adapter Drivers	249
..Overview	249
.....SCSA Interface	250
.....HBA Transport Layer	251
..SCSA HBA Interfaces	252
.....SCSA HBA Entry Point Summary	252
.....SCSA HBA Data Structures	252
.....Per-Target Instance Data	258
.....Transport Structure Cloning (optional)	260
.....SCSA HBA Functions	262
..HBA Driver Dependency and Configuration Issues	262


.....Configuration Properties	263
.....Declarations and Structures	264
.....Module Initialization Entry Points	266
.....Autoconfiguration Entry Points	269
..SCSA HBA Entry Points	274
.....Target Driver Instance Initialization	275
.....Resource Allocation	277
.....Command Transport	288
.....Capability Management	295
.....Abort and Reset Management	301
..Driver Installation	304
.....Hardware Configuration File	304
.....Installing the Driver	304
.....x86 Target Driver Configuration Properties	305
13. Loading and Unloading Drivers	307
..Preparing for Installation	307
.....Module Naming	307
.....Compile and Link the Driver	308
.....Write a Hardware Configuration File	308
..Installing and Removing Drivers	309
.....Copy the Driver to a Module Directory	309
.....Run `add_drv`(1M)	309
..Removing the Driver	310
..Loading Drivers	310


..Getting the Driver Module's ID	310
..Unloading Drivers	311
14. Debugging	313
..Machine Configuration	313
.....Setting Up a `tip`(1) Connection	313
.....Preparing for the Worst	315
..Coding Hints	319
.....Process Layout	319
.....System Support	320
.....Conditional Compilation and Variables	321
.....`volatile` and `_depends_on`	323
..Debugging Tools	323
.....`/etc/system`	323
.....`moddebug`	324
.....`modload` and `modunload`	325
.....Saving System Core Dumps	325
.....`adb` and `kadb`	327
.....Example: `adb` on a Core Dump	340
.....Example: `kadb` on a Deadlocked Thread	343
..Testing	346
.....Configuration Testing	346
.....Functionality Testing	347
.....Error Handling	347
.....Stress, Performance, and Interoperability Testing	348


.....DDI/DKI Compliance Testing	348
.....Installation and Packaging Testing	349
.....Testing Specific Types of Drivers	349
A. Converting a 4.x Device Driver to SunOS 5.5	353
..Before Starting the Conversion	353
.....Review Existing Functionality	353
.....Read the Manual	353
.....ANSI C	354
..Development Environment	354
.....DDI/DKI	354
.....Things to Avoid	354
.....System V Release 4	355
.....Development Tools	355
.....Debugging Tools	356
.....ANSI C	356
.....Header Files	357
..Overview of Changes	357
.....Autoconfiguration	357
.....`/devices`	358
.....`/dev`	359
.....Multithreading	359
.....Locking	360
.....Interrupts	364
.....DMA	365


..Conversion Notes	366
.....SunOS 4.1.x to SunOS 5.5 Differences	371
B. Interface Transition List	379
.....Data Access Methods	379
.....DMA Data Access	379
.....SCSI HBA DMA Management	379
.....Device Memory Mapping	379
.....Open Boot PROM Device Properties	380
..Data Access Methods	380
.....Device Access Attributes Structure	380
.....CPU Device Access	380
.....Device Access Functions	380
.....Common Device Access Functions	382
.....Other Device Access Functions	383
..DMA Device Access	383
.....DMA Attributes Structure	383
.....DMA Memory Access	383
.....DMA Device Binding	384
..SCSI HBA DMA Management	385
..Device Memory Mapping	385
.....Device Context Management	385
..Open Boot PROM Device Properties	386
.....Property Access Functions	386
C. Summary of Solaris 2.5 DDI/DKI Services	387


..`buf`(9S) Handling	388
..Copying Data	391
..Device Access	392
..Device Configuration	393
..Device Information	394
..DMA Handling	395
..Flow of Control	405
..Interrupt Handling	406
..Kernel Statistics	408
..Memory Allocation	410
..Common Device Access Functions	414
..Polling	417
..Printing System Messages	417
..Process Signaling	418
..Properties	419
..Register and Memory Mapping	423
..PCI Configuration	427
..I/O Port Access	427
..SCSI and SCSA	431
..Soft State Management	439
..String Manipulation	440
..System Information	441
..Thread Synchronization	441
..Timing	446


...`uio`(9S) Handling	447
...Utility Functions	448
D. Sample Driver Source Code Listings	453
E. Driver Code Layout Structure	455
...Header Files	455
...xx.c Files	456
...driver .conf Files	460
F. Advanced Topics	461
...Multithreading	461
......Lock Granularity	461
......Avoiding Unnecessary Locks	462
......Locking Order	462
......Scope of a Lock	463
......Potential Panics	464
...Sun Disk Device Drivers	465
......Disk I/O Controls	465
......Disk Performance	466
...SCSA	467
......Global Data Definitions	467
......Tagged Queueing	468
......Untagged Queueing	469
Index	471

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