............................Contents


1. Introduction	1-1
..Putting Together an OpenStep Application	1-2
....Designing Your Application	1-2
....Creating a Project	1-2
....Writing Code for Your Application	1-3
....Connecting Objects with Interface Builder	1-3
....Adding Other Resource Files	1-4
....Choosing Document Extensions for Your Application	1-4
....Compiling Your Program	1-4
....Debugging Your Program	1-5
....Adding Help to Your Application	1-5
....Translate Your User Interface	1-5
....Making Your Application Available to Users	1-6
2. Using Project Builder	2-1
..Creating and Maintaining Projects in Project Builder	2-3


....Creating a New Project	2-3
....Opening an Existing Project	2-5
....Opening and Converting Older Project Types	2-6
....Creating a New Subproject	2-7
....Setting Project Attributes	2-8
........Application Attributes	2-9
........Subproject Attributes	2-11
........Bundle Attributes	2-11
........Tool Attributes	2-12
........Palette Attributes	2-13
........Library Attributes	2-14
....Managing Project Files	2-14
........Adding Files to a Project	2-17
........File Display Shortcuts	2-17
....Building the Project	2-18
........Build Targets	2-23
........The Preamble and Postamble Files	2-24
........Defining User-configurable Macros for a Project
........with IDL Interfaces	2-27
....Setting Preferences	2-29
........Build Defaults Controls	2-29
........Tools Controls	2-29
........Sounds Controls	2-31
........Build Service Controls	2-31


........Save Options Controls	2-31
..Running and Debugging an Application	2-32
....Running	2-32
....Debugging	2-32
..Project Builder Command Reference	2-33
....Commands in the Project Menu	2-33
....Commands in the Files Menu	2-34
3. Working with Interface Builder	3-1
..An Orientation	3-3
..Building an Application with Interface Builder	3-4
....Specifying Object Attributes	3-4
....Interconnecting Objects	3-5
....Adding Code to Your Application	3-5
..Composing the Interface	3-6
....Opening a Nib File	3-6
.... When Interface Builder Starts	3-8
........The Palette Window	3-9
........The Interface Window	3-9
........The Nib File Window	3-10
........The Inspector Panel	3-21
....Creating a Nib File	3-22
....Saving the Nib File	3-23
....What Is in a Nib File	3-24
........Archived Objects	3-24


........Sounds and Images	3-25
........Class References	3-25
........Connection Information	3-26
....When You Load a Nib File	3-27
....Using the Palettes	3-27
........The Menus Palette	3-28
........The Views Palette	3-28
........The TextViews Palette	3-30
........The Windows Palette	3-30
........Adding an Object from a Palette to Your Interface	3-31
....Placing Interface Objects	3-33
....Selecting Multiple Objects	3-34
....Where Palette Objects Go	3-34
....Sizing Windows and Panels	3-36
....Initializing Text	3-38
....Sizing Interface Objects	3-39
....Positioning and Sizing Precisely	3-40
....Duplicating Objects	3-42
....Moving Objects to Other Windows	3-43
....Copying Objects to Other Interfaces	3-44
....Arranging Objects	3-45
........Using the Alignment Panel	3-45
........Making Columns and Rows of Objects	3-48
....Removing Objects	3-49


....The Coordinate System in Interface Builder	3-49
....OpenStep's Basic UI Design Philosophy	3-51
........Make It Consistent	3-51
........Make it Feel Natural	3-51
........Put the User in Charge	3-51
........Focus on the Mouse	3-52
....Making Interface Objects the Same Size	3-52
....Shrinking Objects to their Minimum Size	3-54
....Grouping Objects	3-55
....Layering Objects	3-57
....Creating Matrices of Objects	3-58
....Creating Menus	3-60
........Deleting a Menu Cell	3-61
........Changing Titles of Menu Cells	3-61
........Resequencing Menu Cells and Assigning
........Command Key Equivalents	3-61
........Custom Menus	3-62
..Setting Object Attributes	3-63
....Examining an Object's Attributes	3-65
....Customizing Windows and Panels	3-67
........Window Backing	3-68
........Changing Class and Custom Windows	3-69
........Window Controls	3-69
........Window Options	3-70


....What is the Difference Between a Window and a Panel?	3-70
....Setting Button Attributes	3-71
........The Anatomy of a Button	3-72
........Titles and Icons	3-73
........Key Equivalent	3-73
........Button Type	3-74
........Button Options	3-74
....Associating Sounds and Images with Buttons	3-75
....Managing Sounds and Images	3-78
....Customizing Titles, Text Fields, and Scroll Views	3-81
....Setting Textual Attributes	3-84
....Setting Box (Group) Attributes	3-85
....Customizing Browsers	3-87
....Setting Attributes of Menu Cells and Pop-up Buttons	3-89
........Pop-Up Lists and Pull-Down Lists	3-90
....Compound Objects	3-91
........NSControl and NSActionCell	3-91
........Matrices	3-92
........Special Compound Objects	3-93
....Setting Matrix Attributes	3-95
........Matrix Selection Mode	3-95
........Cell Prototype	3-96
....Automatically Resizing Objects	3-98
........When There Are Conflicts	3-101


....Some Effects of Automatic Resizing	3-102
....Automatic Resizing: An Example	3-104
....Using Tags	3-107
..Making and Managing Connections	3-109
....Communicating With Other Objects: Outlets and Actions.	3-109
........Outlets	3-109
........Delegates	3-110
........Targets	3-111
........Actions	3-111
....Connecting Objects	3-113
........Outlet Connections	3-114
........Action Connections	3-116
....Connections Within the Interface	3-118
....Making Connections in Outline Mode	3-120
....Examining Connections	3-122
....Identifying Objects in Outline Mode	3-127
....Enabling Inter-Field Tabbing	3-128
....Disconnecting Objects	3-130
..Attaching Help to Objects	3-132
..Reviewing Help Attachments	3-135
..Testing the Interface	3-136
..Creating a Class	3-137
....Naming a New Class	3-141
....A Perspective on Class Hierarchy	3-142


....Specifying Outlets and Actions	3-143
........Adding Outlets	3-144
....Adding Actions	3-145
....Creating an Instance of Your Class	3-147
....Connecting Your Class's Outlets	3-149
....Connecting Your Class's Actions	3-151
....Generating Source Code Files	3-153
....Implementing a Subclass of `NSObject`	3-155
....Making Your Class a Delegate	3-156
....Implementing an `NSView` Subclass	3-158
....Adding Existing Classes to Your Nib File	3-162
....Updating a Class Definition	3-163
....Adding IDL Template Objects to Your Interface	3-164
........Connecting IDL Template Objects	3-165
........Outlet Autotyping	3-166
..Setting Preferences	3-167
....General Preferences	3-167
....Palettes Preferences	3-168
..Adding Custom Palettes, Inspectors, and Editors	3-169
..Interface Builder Command Reference	3-171
....Commands in the Document Menu	3-171
........Commands in the New Module Submenu	3-172
....Commands in the Edit Menu	3-173
....Commands in the Format Menu	3-173


........Commands in the Group Submenu	3-175
........Commands in the Align Submenu	3-175
....Commands in the Size Submenu	3-177
....Commands in the Tools Menu	3-177
........Commands on the Palettes Submenu	3-178
4. Using Edit in Developer Mode	4-1
..Starting Edit	4-1
..Setting Preferences	4-3
....User Options	4-4
........Start-up Options	4-4
........New Document Format Options	4-5
........Default Font for RTF Files	4-5
........Default Font for ASCII Files	4-5
....Global Options	4-6
........Save Options	4-6
........Default Window Size Options	4-7
........Emacs Key Bindings	4-7
....Temporary Settings	4-7
........Line Wrap Options	4-8
........Rich Text Display Options	4-8
....Text Options	4-8
........Automatic Indenting Options	4-9
........Structure Level of Blank Lines	4-9
........Alignment Options	4-9


........Open at Structure Level Options	4-10
........Editing Modes	4-10
....C Options	4-11
........Structure for Top Level	4-11
........Structure Level of Blank Lines	4-11
........Tags Path	4-12
........Include Path	4-12
..Performing Basic Operations	4-13
..Opening Edit Files	4-13
..Using File Windows and Folder Windows	4-14
..Contracting and Expanding Text in a File Window	4-15
..Adding Help Links	4-17
..Using Templates	4-18
..Using Keyboard Editing Commands	4-21
..Interacting with UNIX	4-21
....Piping UNIX Output to a File	4-22
....Using a Tags File	4-23
..Edit Command Reference	4-24
....Commands in the Main Menu	4-24
....Commands in the File Menu	4-25
....Commands in the Edit Menu	4-26
........Commands in the Link Submenu	4-26
........Commands in the Find Submenu	4-27
....Commands in the Format Menu	4-28


........Commands in the Font Submenu	4-28
........Commands in the Text Submenu	4-29
........Commands in the Help Submenu	4-30
........Commands in the Sructure Submenu	4-31
....Commands in the Utilities Menu	4-31
........Commands in the Expert Submenu	4-34
5. Using Icon Builder to Create Application Icons	5-1
..Creating, Opening, and Saving Documents	5-1
....Creating a New Document	5-2
....Opening an Existing Document	5-3
....Saving a Document	5-3
..Editing Icon Documents	5-3
....Using Icon Builder Tools	5-4
........The Brush Tool	5-5
........The Line Tool	5-5
........The PaintBucket Tool	5-6
........The Pencil Tool	5-6
........The Rectangle Tool	5-6
........The Selection Tool	5-7
........The Text Tool	5-7
....Using the Tools Inspector	5-8
........The Brush Inspector	5-8
........The Line Inspector	5-9
........The Oval Inspector	5-9


........The Pencil Inspector	5-10
........The Rectangle Inspector	5-11
........The Selection Inspector	5-12
........The TextTool Inspector	5-14
....Zooming In on a Document	5-15
....Changing the Attributes of a Document	5-17
....Working with Multiple-Icon Documents	5-17
..Icon Builder Command Reference	5-18
....Commands in the Main Menu	5-18
....Commands in the Document Menu	5-18
....Commands in the Format Menu	5-19
....Commands in the Tools Menu	5-20
6. Navigating the OpenStep API with Header Viewer	6-1
..Header Viewer and Header Files	6-2
....Precompiled Headers	6-2
....Language Elements	6-3
..Header Viewer and OpenStep Documentation	6-4
..Using Header Viewer	6-5
....The Browser View	6-5
....The Finder View	6-10
....Adding Header Files	6-12
....The Find Panel	6-13
....Header Viewer and the File Viewer	6-13
....Header Viewer and Edit	6-13


..Setting Preferences	6-14
....Header Files Preferences	6-14
....Documentation Preferences	6-15
....Other Options Preferences	6-15
..Header Viewer Command Reference	6-16
....Commands in the Find Menu	6-16
....Commands in the Utilities Menu	6-18
7. The `NSObject` Class	7-1
..Class Description	7-1
....Initializing an Object to Its Class	7-2
....Instance and Class Methods	7-2
....Initializing the Class	7-3
....Creating and Destroying Instances	7-4
....Identifying Classes	7-5
....Testing Class Functionality	7-5
....Testing Protocol Conformance	7-6
....Obtaining Method Information	7-6
....Describing Objects	7-7
....Posing	7-7
....Error Handling	7-7
....Sending Deferred Messages	7-8
....Forwarding Messages	7-8
....Archiving	7-9


8. The Objective C Language	8-1
..Objects	8-2
....The `id` Data Type	8-3
....Dynamic Typing	8-4
..Messages	8-5
....Polymorphism	8-6
....Dynamic Binding	8-7
..Classes	8-8
....Inheritance	8-9
........The NSObject Class	8-10
........Inheriting Instance Variables	8-11
........Inheriting Methods	8-11
........Overriding One Method with Another	8-11
........Abstract Classes	8-12
....Class Types	8-13
........Static Typing	8-13
........Type Introspection	8-14
....Class Objects	8-14
........Creating Instances	8-16
........Customization with Class Objects	8-16
........Variables and Class Objects	8-18
........Initializing a Class Object	8-19
........Methods of the Root Class	8-19
....Class Names in Source Code	8-20


..Defining a Class	8-21
....The Interface	8-21
........Importing the Interface	8-23
........Referring to Other Classes	8-24
........The Role of the Interface	8-24
....The Implementation	8-25
........Referring to Instance Variables	8-26
........The Scope of Instance Variables	8-28
..How Messaging Works	8-31
....Selectors	8-34
........Methods and Selectors	8-35
........Method Return and Argument Types	8-35
........Varying the Message at Run Time	8-36
........The Target-Action Paradigm	8-36
........Avoiding Messaging Errors	8-37
....Hidden Arguments	8-38
....Messages to `self` and `super`	8-39
........An Example	8-40
........Using `super`	8-42
........Redefining `self`	8-43
9. The Objective C Extensions	9¬1
..Categories	9¬1
....Adding to a Class	9¬2
....How Categories are Used	9¬3


....Categories of the Root Class	9¬4
..Protocols	9¬5
....How Protocols are Used	9¬5
........Methods for Others to Implement	9¬6
........Anonymous Objects	9¬7
........Nonhierarchical Similarities	9¬9
....Informal Protocols	9¬9
....Formal Protocols	9¬10
........Protocol Objects	9¬12
........Conforming to a Protocol	9¬12
........Type Checking	9¬13
........Protocols within Protocols	9¬14
..Remote Messaging	9¬15
....Distributed Objects	9¬16
....Language Support	9¬18
........Synchronous and Asynchronous Messages	9¬18
........Pointer Arguments	9¬19
........Proxies and Copies	9¬21
..Static Options	9¬22
....Static Typing	9¬23
....Type Checking	9¬24
........Return and Argument Types	9¬25
........Static Typing to an Inherited Class	9¬25
....Getting a Method Address	9¬27


.....Getting an Object Data Structure	9¬28
.....Type *Encoding	9¬29
A. Debugging an OpenStep Application	A-1
..Debugger Objective C Support	A-1
.....Dynamic Types	A-2
.....Finding Methods and Using Method Names in
.......Non-expression Commands	A-2
.....Setting Breakpoints	A-2
.....Calling Objective C Methods	A-3
.....Recovering from a Run-time System Crash	A-3
..Sample `.dbxrc` File	A-3
.....Helpful User Default Variables to Set with `dwrite`	A-13
..Tracing Objective C Objects	A-13
..... Invoking `messageSendDebug` Using
.......`dwrite` Commands	A-14
.........Adding Individual Message Filters	A-14
.........Controlling Call Level Indentation	A-15
..... Invoking `messageSendDebug` from a Program or
.......the Debugger	A-15
.........Enabling `messageSendDebug`	A-15
.........Adding Filters	A-16
.........Controlling Call Level Indentation	A-17
.........Removing Filters	A-17
.........Disabling Filters	A-17
.........Setting a Breakpoint on a Filter Match	A-17


..... Examples	A-18
.........Example 1:	A-18
.........Example 2:	A-18
.........Example 3:	A-19
.....Implementing Your Own Filtering Mechanism	A-19
..Debugging Applications Using Optimized Libraries	A-20
B. Interface Builder Application Programming Interface	B-1
..Interface Builder's Design	B-2
..The Object Hierarchy	B-3
..Class References	B-3
..Connection Information	B-4
..Interface Builder's Programming Interface	B-5
.....Classes	B-5
.....Protocols	B-6
.....Other Programming Interfaces	B-6
C. Interface Builder API Classes	C-1
..IBInspector	C-1
.....Class Description	C-1
.....Instance Variables	C-2
.....Method Types	C-3
.....Instance Methods	C-3
.........`object`	C-3
.........`ok:`	C-3
.........`okButton:`	C-4


.........`revert:`	C-4
.........`revertButton:`	C-5
.........`textDidBeginEditing:`	C-5
.........`touch`:	C-5
.........`wantsButtons`	C-5
.........`window`	C-5
..IBPalette	C-6
.....Class Description	C-6
.....Instance Variables	C-7
.....Method Types	C-8
.....Instance Methods	C-8
.........`associateObject:ofType:withView:`	C-8
.........`imageNamed`:	C-8
.........`finishInstantiate`	C-9
.........`originalWindow`	C-9
.........`paletteDocument`	C-9
..NSApplication Additions	C-9
.....Category Description	C-9
.....Instance Methods	C-10
.........`connectDestination`	C-10
.........`connectSource`	C-10
.........`displayConnectionBetween:and:`	C-10
.........`isConnecting`	C-10
.........`stopConnecting`	C-11


..NSObject Additions	C-11
.....Category Description	C-11
.....Instance Methods	C-12
.........`awakeFromDocument`:	C-12
.........`canSubstituteFor Class:`	C-12
.........`connectInspectorClassName`	C-12
.........`editorClassName`	C-12
.........`helpInspectorClassName`	C-13
.........`imageForViewer:`	C-13
.........`inspectorClassName`	C-13
.........`sizeInspectorClassName`	C-13
..NSCellAdditions	C-14
.....Category Description	C-14
.....Instance Methods	C-14
.........`cellWillAltDragWithSize:`	C-14
.........`maximumSizeForCellSize:`	C-14
.........`minimumSizeForCellSize:`	C-15
..NSView Additions	C-15
.....Category Description	C-15
.....Instance Methods	C-16
.........`allowsAltDragging:`	C-16
.........`maximumSizeFromKnobPosition:`	C-16
.........`minimumSizeFromKnobPosition:`	C-16
.........`placeView:`	C-17


D. Interface Builder API Protocols	D-1
..IB	D-1
.....Protocol Description	D-1
.....Method Types	D-2
.....Instance Methods	D-2
.........`activeDocument`	D-2
.........`isTestingInterface`	D-2
.........`selectionOwner`	D-2
..IBConnectors	D-3
.....Protocol Description	D-3
.....Method Types	D-4
.....Instance Methods	D-4
.........`destination`	D-4
.........`establishConnection`	D-4
.........`label`	D-4
.........`nibInstantiate`	D-5
.........`replaceObject:withObject:`	D-6
.........`source`	D-6
..IBDocuments	D-6
.....Protocol Description	D-6
.....Method Types	D-7
.....Instance Methods	D-8
.........`addConnector`:	D-8
.........`attachObject:toParent:`	D-8


.........`attachObjects:toParent:`	D-9
.........`connectorsForDestination:`	D-9
.........`connectorsForDestination:ofClass:`	D-9
.........`connectorsForSource:`	D-10
.........`connectorsForSource:ofClass:`	D-10
.........`containsObject:`	D-10
.........`containsObjectWithName:forParent`	D-11
.........`copyObject:type:toPasteboard:`	D-11
.........`copyObjects:type:toPasteboard:`	D-11
.........`detachObject`:	D-12
.........`detachObjects:`	D-12
.........`documentPath`	D-12
.........`drawObject:`	D-13
.........`editor:didCloseForObject:`	D-13
.........`editorForObject:create:`	D-13
.........`nameForObject:`	D-13
.........`objects:`	D-13
.........`openEditorForObject:`	D-14
.........`parentOfObject`:	D-14
.........`pasteType:fromPasteboard:parent:`	D-14
.........`removeConnector`:	D-14
.........`replaceObject:withObject:`	D-15
.........`resignSelectionForEditor:`	D-15
.........`setName:forObject:`	D-15


.........`setSelectionFromEditor:`	D-15
.........`touch`	D-16
..IBEditors	D-16
.....Protocol Description	D-16
.....Method Types	D-17
.....Instance Methods	D-18
.........`acceptsTypeFromArray`:	D-18
.........`activate`	D-18
.........`close`	D-19
.........`closeSubeditors`	D-19
.........`copySelection`	D-19
.........`deleteSelection`	D-20
.........`document`	D-20
.........`editedObject`	D-20
.........`initWithObject:inDocument:`	D-20
.........`makeSelectionVisible:`	D-21
.........`openSubeditorForObject`:	D-21
.........`orderFront`	D-21
.........`pasteInSelection`	D-21
.........`resetObject:`	D-22
.........`selectObjects:`	D-22
.........`validateEditing`	D-22
.........`wantsSelection`	D-22
.........`window`	D-22


..IBSelectionOwners	D-23
.....Protocol Description	D-23
.....Instance Methods	D-23
.........`drawSelection`	D-23
.........`selection:`	D-23
.........`selectionCount`	D-24
E. Interface Builder API Types and Constants	E-1
..Symbolic Constants	E-1
.....Control Point Constants	E-1
.........Synopsis	E-1
.........Description	E-1
..Global Variables	E-2
.....Notification Types	E-2
.........Synopsis	E-2
.........Description	E-2
.........Synopsis	E-3
.........Description	E-3
.....Pasteboard Types	E-3
.........Synopsis	E-3
.........Description	E-3