............................Table of Contents


1. A Visual Guide to the User Interface	1-1
..OpenStep Workspace	1-1
..Types of Windows	1-3
....Standard Windows	1-3
....Panels	1-4
....Menus	1-6
....Miniwindows	1-7
....Application Icons	1-7
..Types of Controls	1-8
....Buttons	1-9
....Text Fields	1-10
....Sliders	1-11
....Color Wells	1-11
....Scrollers	1-12
....Browsers and Selection Lists	1-13


2. Design Philosophy	2-1
..Basic Principles	2-2
....The Interface Is Natural	2-2
....The User Is in Control	2-2
........Avoiding Modes	2-3
........When You Should Act for the User	2-3
....The Mouse Is the Primary Input Device	2-4
....The Interface Is Consistent	2-4
..Three Action Paradigms	2-5
....Direct Manipulation	2-5
....Targeted Action	2-5
....Modal Tool	2-6
..Paradigm Extensions	2-8
..Testing User Interfaces	2-8
3. User Actions: The Mouse and Keyboard	3-1
..Mouse Actions	3-2
....Clicking	3-3
....Multiple-Clicking	3-3
....Pressing	3-4
....Dragging	3-4
....Mouse Responsiveness	3-4
....Changing the Functions of the Mouse Buttons	3-4
..Selecting Objects with the Mouse	3-5
....Clicking to Select	3-6


....Multiple-Clicking to Select	3-6
....Dragging to Select	3-7
....Extending a Selection	3-7
........Continuous Extension	3-7
........Discontinuous Extension	3-8
....How the Arrow Keys Affect a Text Selection	3-9
..Implementing Selection	3-10
....When Discontinuous Selection Is Not Implemented	3-11
....Selection in Text and Selection in Graphics	3-11
..Managing the Pointer	3-11
....Changing the Pointer	3-12
....Hiding the Pointer	3-12
..Mouse Actions for Custom Objects	3-13
....Reacting to Clicks	3-13
........First Click on a Window	3-14
....When Dragging Should Not Imply Clicking	3-14
....When to Use Multiple-Clicking	3-16
........Dragging From a Multiple-Click	3-16
....How to Use Dragging	3-17
........Moving Objects	3-17
........Defining Ranges	3-17
........Sliding From Object to Object	3-18
....When to Use Pressing	3-19
....Using Modifier Keys With the Mouse	3-19


..Keyboard Actions	3-20
....Modifier Keys	3-21
....Special Command-Key Combinations	3-23
....Other Action Keys	3-23
....Handling Arrow Characters	3-24
..Implementing Keyboard Alternatives	3-24
....Reserved Keyboard Alternatives	3-25
....Required Keyboard Alternatives	3-26
....Recommended Keyboard Alternatives	3-27
....Application-Specific Keyboard Alternatives	3-28
........Choosing the Character	3-29
........Using the Alternate Key	3-29
........When Mouse Operations and Keyboard Alternatives
........Differ	3-30
..Implementing Modifier Key-Arrow Key Combinations	3-31
....Control-Arrow Combinations	3-31
....Shift-Arrow Combinations	3-32
....Alt-Arrow Combinations	3-32
....Other Arrow Key Combinations	3-33
4. Windows in the OpenStepInterface	4-1
..How Windows Work	4-2
....Parts of a Window	4-3
....Window Order	4-4
....Window Characteristics	4-6


........Reordering	4-6
........Moving	4-6
........Resizing	4-7
........Closing and Miniaturizing	4-7
........Hiding and Retrieving Windows	4-9
....Application and Window Status	4-10
........Active Application	4-11
........Key Window	4-13
........Main Window	4-14
........How Windows Become the Key Window or Main
........Window	4-17
........Results of Clicking on a Window	4-18
..Implementing Windows	4-19
....Designing Windows	4-19
....Placing Windows	4-19
..Implementing Standard Windows	4-21
....Choosing a Title	4-21
....Using the Resize Bar	4-22
....Using the Miniaturize Button	4-22
....Using the Close Button	4-23
..Implementing Window and Application Status	4-24
....Choosing the Key Window	4-24
....Activating an Application	4-24
....Avoiding Activation When Dragging	4-25


5. Panels	5-1
..How Panels Work	5-2
....Ordinary Panels	5-2
..Implementing Ordinary Panels	5-4
....Window Considerations	5-4
........Using the Resize Bar	5-4
........Using the Miniaturize Button	5-5
........Using the Close Button	5-5
........Panels That Become the Key Window	5-5
........Relinquishing Key-Window Status	5-6
....Exceptions to Ordinary Panel Characteristics	5-6
........Persisting Panels	5-6
........Floating Panels	5-7
....Panels With Variable Contents	5-8
........Multiform Panels	5-8
........Inspector Panels	5-9
..Implementing Attention Panels	5-10
....Naming an Attention Panel	5-10
....Default Option in an Attention Panel	5-11
....Closing an Attention Panel	5-11
....Naming the Buttons in an Attention Panel	5-12
....Optional Explanations in an Attention Panel	5-12
..Standard Panels	5-13
....Implementing the Close Panel	5-17


....Implementing the Find Panel	5-17
....Using the Help Panel	5-18
....Implementing the Info Panel	5-21
....Using the Link Inspector Panel	5-21
....Using the Open Panel	5-22
....Implementing the Preferences Panel	5-22
....Implementing the Quit Panel	5-23
....Using the Save Panel	5-24
6. Menus	6-1
..How Menus Work	6-1
....Basic Menu Functions	6-3
....Main Menu	6-4
........Bringing the Main Menu to the Pointer	6-4
....Submenus	6-5
........Keeping a Submenu Attached	6-6
........Tearing Off an Attached Submenu	6-7
........Closing a Submenu	6-8
....Commands	6-8
....Keyboard Alternatives	6-9
..Implementing Menus	6-10
....Designing the Menu Hierarchy	6-10
....Choosing Command Names	6-11
........Commands That Perform Actions	6-11
........Commands That Open Panels	6-12


........Commands That Open Submenus	6-13
........Commands That Open Standard Windows	6-13
........Sample Command Names	6-14
....Disabling Commands	6-14
....Graphical Devices in Menu Commands	6-15
....Assigning Keyboard Alternatives	6-15
..Standard Menus and Commands	6-15
....Main Menu	6-16
........Adding Commands to the Main Menu	6-18
....Info Menu	6-19
....Document Menu	6-21
........Performing an Implicit New Command	6-23
........Uneditable Documents	6-23
....Edit Menu	6-24
........Paste As Menu	6-26
........Checking Spelling	6-26
....Link Menu	6-27
....Find Menu	6-29
....Format Menu	6-31
....Font Menu	6-32
....Text Menu	6-35
....Windows Menu	6-36
....Services Menu	6-38
........Providing Services	6-39


....Adding a Tools Menu	6-40
7. Controls	7-1
..How Controls Work	7-1
....Basic Control Functions	7-2
....Standard Controls	7-2
....Custom Controls	7-3
..Buttons	7-3
....How Buttons Work	7-3
........Buttons That Open Lists	7-5
....Implementing Buttons	7-6
........Designing the Button's Action	7-7
........Choosing the Button's Image or Label	7-7
........Changing the Button's Appearance During a Click 7 -10
........Implementing Pop-Up and Pull-Down Lists	7-11
........Implementing Link Buttons	7-12
........Implementing Stop Buttons	7-13
..Text Fields	7-13
..Sliders	7-16
..Color Wells	7-17
..Scrollers	7-19
....How Scrollers Work	7-20
........The Bar and Knob	7-21
........Fine-Tuning Mode	7-22
........Scroll Buttons	7-22


........Automatic Scrolling	7-23
....Implementing Scrollers	7-24
..Browsers and Selection Lists	7-25
..Choosing the Appropriate Control	7-26
....Controls That Represent Actions	7-26
....Controls That Represent Settable States	7-27
........Displaying a Single Option	7-28
........Displaying a Group With an Unrestricted Relationship
................................................7-28
........Displaying a Group With a Mutually Exclusive
........Relationship	7-29
8. The Interface to the File System	8-1
..OpenStep Folder Conventions	8-2
....Home Folder	8-2
....OpenStep Folders	8-3
....Local Folders	8-3
....Personal Folders	8-4
....`/net` Folder	8-4
..Search Paths in OpenStep File System	8-5
....The Workspace Manager Search Path	8-5
....Application Search Paths	8-6
..File Name Extensions in OpenStep File System	8-6
....Workspace Manager Extensions	8-6
....Custom Application Extensions	8-6
..File Packages in OpenStep File System	8-7


...Displaying File Names	8-7
...Files and Folders That Your Application Creates	8-8
Index	Index-1