Standard Commands

These are standard commands that are common to most OpenStep applications.

Main Menu

Table A-1

Command	Action
Info	Lists commands for getting information about the application and setting preferences. See "Info Menu".
Document	Lists commands for opening, creating, and saving files. The name of this command depends on what you create and save in the application. See "Document Menu" on page A-3.
Edit	Lists commands for editing text, graphics, or whatever you work with in the application. See "Edit Menu" on page A-3.
Format	Lists commands for setting fonts, aligning text, choosing ruler settings, and changing page layout options. See "Format Menu" on page A-5.
Windows	Lists commands for managing windows in the application. See t"Windows Menu" on page A-8.
Services	Lists commands that request the service of another application. See "Services Menu" on page A-9.
Print	Opens a panel that you can use to print the contents of the main window. See Chapter 14, "Printing."
Hide	Hides the application, removing all its windows from view without closing them. You can unhide the application by double-clicking its icon. See "Hiding an Application" on page 4-5.
Quit	Quits the application, closing all its windows and any files they contain. See "Quitting an Application" on page 4-12.

Info Menu

Table A-2

Command	Action
Info Panel	Displays general information about an application, such as which version you are using and who wrote it.
Help	Opens a panel where you can get step-by-step instructions for using the application. See "Getting Help by Topic" on page 1-14.

Document Menu

Table A-3

Command	Action
Open	Opens a panel you can use to open a file in the application. See "Opening a File" on page 5-3.
New	Opens an empty window where you can create a file. See "Creating a File" on page 5-1.
Save	Saves changes you have made to the file you are working in, or opens a panel that you can use to save a new file. See "Saving Changes" on page 5-7 and "Saving a New File" on page 5-4.
Save As, Save To	These commands each open a panel that you can use to save a new version of the file you are working in. See "Saving Another Version of a File" on page 5-8.
Save All	Saves changes in all files that are open in the application. See "Saving Changes" on page 5-7 and "Saving a New File" on page 5-4.
Revert To Saved	Discards changes you have made to the current file since you last saved it.
Close	Closes the main window. If the current file is displayed in more than one window, this command closes all its windows.

Edit Menu

Table A-4

Command	Action
Cut	Removes the current selection and puts it on the pasteboard. See "Moving and Copying Text" on page 9-8.
Copy	Makes a copy of the current selection and puts it on the pasteboard. See "Moving and Copying Text" on page 9-8.
Paste	Inserts the contents of the pasteboard at the insertion point or in place of the current selection. See "Moving and Copying Text" on page 9-8.
Delete	Deletes the current selection without putting it on the pasteboard. See "Deleting and Replacing Text" on page 9-7.

Table A-4 (Continued)

Command	Action
Undo	Reverses your last editing operation, such as typing or choosing the Delete command. Choosing Undo again redoes the operation. Sometimes this command is called Undelete, and it reverses and redoes only a deletion.
Find	Lists commands for locating text. See "Find Submenu".
Link	Lists commands for working with linked information. See "Link Submenu" on page A-5.
Spelling	Opens a panel where you can check the spelling in the document you are working in. See "Checking Your Spelling" on page 9-21.
Check Spelling	Finds and selects the next misspelled word in the main window. Choosing the Check Spelling command has the same effect as clicking on Find Next in the Spelling panel.
Select All	Selects the entire contents of the window or the section of the window that you are working in. This command selects not only what is showing but also contents you can scroll to see.

Find Submenu

Table A-5

Command	Action
Find Panel	Opens a panel that you can use to search for text. See "Finding Text" on page 9-9.
Find Next	Finds the next occurrence of the text in the Find field of the Find panel. This command does the same thing as the Next button in the Find panel. You can use this command even if the Find panel is not open. See "Finding Text" on page 9-9.
Find Previous	Finds the previous occurrence of the text in the Find field of the Find panel. This command does the same thing as the Previous button in the Find panel. You can use this command even if the Find panel is not open. See "Finding Text" on page 9-9.
Enter Selection	Copies selected text from the main window into the Find field of the Find panel, whether it is open or not. You can then choose Find Next or Find Previous to search for the text.
Jump To Selection	Scrolls to display the insertion point or current selection in the main window.

Link Submenu

Table A-6

Command	Action
Paste and Link	Inserts the contents of the pasteboard at the insertion point and links it to the original.
Paste Link Button	Inserts a diamond-shaped button in the document. The button is linked to the last item you copied.
Publish Selection	Opens a panel where you can create and name a file that is a link to the selection in the main window.
Show Links	Highlights each link in a document window with a chain-link pattern. If links are already shown, the command changes to Hide Links and removes the highlighting.
Link Inspector	Opens a panel that you can use to update and get information about links.

Format Menu

Table A-7

Command	Action
Font	Lists commands for changing the appearance of text. See "Font Submenu" on page A-6.
Text	Lists commands for aligning text and choosing ruler settings. See "Text Submenu" on page A-7.
Page Layout	Opens a panel that you can use to choose basic page layout options for printing documents. See "Preparing a File for Printing" on page 14-1.

Font Submenu

Table A-8

Command	Action
Font Panel	Opens a panel that you can use to change the font of text or preview a font before using it. See "Setting a New Font" on page 9-12 and "Previewing a Font" on page 9-16.
Bold	Makes text bold. This command sets or removes the standard bold typeface for text you type at the insertion point or for selected text. If the current font is already bold, the command changes to Unbold and removes bold.
Italic	Makes text italic. This command sets or removes the standard italic typeface for text you type at the insertion point or for selected text. If the current font is already italic, the command changes to Unitalic and removes italic.
Underline	Underlines selected text or text you type at the insertion point. If text is already underlined, the command removes underlining.
Superscript	Moves selected text up slightly in relation to the baseline. You can choose the command again to move the text higher.
Subscript	Moves selected text down slightly in relation to the baseline. You can choose the command again to move the text lower.
Unscript	Returns superscripted or subscripted text to a normal position.
Colors	Opens a panel that you can use to change the color of text or graphics you are working with. In some applications, this command is in the Tools menu. See Chapter 10, "Working With Color."
Copy Font	Copies the font at the insertion point or at the beginning of the text selection so you can apply the font elsewhere with the Paste Font command. This command does not copy text, so it does not change the contents of the pasteboard.
Paste Font	Applies the font you copied with the Copy Font command to the selected text or text you type at the insertion point.

Text Submenu

Table A-9

Command	Action
Align Left	Aligns text in a paragraph with the left margin, leaving the right margin ragged. This command aligns the paragraph where you last clicked or made a selection. If the selection spans more than one paragraph, all of them are aligned.
Align Right	Aligns text in a paragraph with the right margin, leaving the left margin ragged. This command aligns the paragraph where you last clicked or made a selection. If the selection spans more than one paragraph, all of them are aligned.
Center	Centers text in a paragraph between the left and right margins. This command centers the paragraph where you last clicked or made a selection. If the selection spans more than one paragraph, all of them are centered.
Show Ruler	Displays a ruler at the top of the document window you are working in. See "Setting Margins, Indentation, and Tabs" on page 9-17.
Copy Ruler	Copies the ruler settings of the paragraph that begins the current selection or contains the insertion point. You can the apply the ruler settings to other paragraphs with the Paste Ruler command. The Copy Ruler command does not copy text, so it does not change the contents of the pasteboard. You do not need to show the ruler to use Copy Ruler.
Paste Ruler	Applies ruler settings you copied with the Copy Ruler command to the paragraph that contains the insertion point or the current selection. If the selection spans more than one paragraph, all of them are centered.

Windows Menu

The Windows menu lists the names of all standard windows that are open in the application. Choosing a name brings the window forward.

The Windows menu also lists the commands shown in Table A-10.

Table A-10

Command	Action
Arrange in Front	Neatly stacks all standard windows that are open in the application.
Miniaturize Window	Changes the key window to a miniwindow at the bottom of the screen, if the key window has a miniaturize button. See "Miniaturizing a Window" on page 2-16.
Close Window	Closes the key window if it has a close button. See "Closing a Window" on page 2-17.

Services Menu

The exact commands in this menu depend on which applications you have. Services provided by OpenStep applications are listed in Table A-11. See also "Requesting Services From Other Applications" on page 4-11 and "Customizing the Services Menu" on page 15-16.

Table A-11

Command	Action
Edit Replace Selection	Provides a quick way to insert the contents of an Edit file in the document you are working in. When you choose this command, an Open panel appears in the Edit application. Opening a file from this panel inserts the contents of the file in your document at the insertion point or in place of the current selection.
Edit Save Selection	Opens a new document window in the Edit application and inserts the current selection in the window. This command also opens a Save panel that you use to save the selection in an Edit file. See "Saving a New File" on page 5-4.
Mail Document	Opens a Compose window in Mail and inserts the current file in it as an attachment. The current file can be the one you are working in or the file or folder selected in the File Viewer. For information on attachments, see "Attaching a File or Folder" on page 12-12.
Mail Selection	Opens a Compose window in Mail and inserts text you have selected in it. For more information, see "Sending a Message" on page 12-8.
Open in Workspace	Opens the file or folder with the selected path name. See "Opening a Folder" on page 3-5 and "Opening a File" on page 3-7.

Workspace Manager Commands

Workspace Menu

Table A-12

Command	Action
Info	Lists commands for getting information and setting preferences. See "Workspace Manager Info Menu" on page A-11.
File	Lists commands for working with files, folders, and on-line address books. See "Workspace Manager File Menu" on page A-11.
Edit	Lists standard editing commands. See "Workspace Manager Edit Menu" on page A-12.
Disk	Lists commands for working with disks. See "Workspace Manager Disk Menu" on page A-13.
View	Lists commands for changing the way you view the contents of folders. See "Workspace Manager View Menu" on page A-13.
Tools	Lists commands that open panels and windows you can use as tools in the Workspace Manager. See "Workspace Manager Tools Menu" on page A-14.
Windows	Lists commands for managing Workspace Manager windows. See "Windows Menu" on page A-8.
Services	Lists commands that request the services of other applications. See "Services Menu" on page A-9.
Hide	Hides the Workspace Manager application, removing its windows and menus from view. You can double-click the Sun icon at the top of the dock to restore the windows and menus to view.
Log Out	Quits all running applications. This command also shuts down the X server unless the TerminateWindowManager user default is set to NO. See "Ending Your Work Session" on page 1-16.

Workspace Manager Info Menu

Table A-13

Command	Action
Info Panel	Displays information about the Workspace Manager application and your system in general.
Preferences	Opens a panel that you can use to personalize your workspace. You can set applications to start up automatically (see "Starting an Application Automatically" on page 4-9); customize the arrangement of icons and columns in the File Viewer (see "Personalizing Your File Viewer" on page 3-32); and choose how disks are displayed (see "Creating a Folder Window for a Disk" on page 8-4.
Help	Opens a panel where you can get step-by-step instructions for using the Workspace Manager. See "Getting Help by Topic" on page 1-14.

Workspace Manager File Menu

Table A-14

Command	Action
Open	Opens the selected file or folder.
Open as Folder	Opens the selected folder in a separate window or displays the contents of a file package. See "Opening a Folder in Its Own Window" on page 3-25.
New Folder	Creates an empty folder and puts it in the current folder. See "Creating a Folder" on page 6-3. When you are working in an address book, this command changes to New Address.
Duplicate	Creates a copy of the selected file or folder and puts it in the current folder. The copy is labeled CopyOf. You can rename it. If you select more than one file or folder, Duplicate creates a copy of each one. When you are working in an address book, the command changes to New Group.

Table A-14 (Continued)

Command	Action
Compress	Compresses the selected file or folder into a format that requires less space on the disk. When you select a compressed file or folder, the command changes to Decompress and it returns the selection to its original format. See "Compressing and Decompressing a File or Folder" on page 6-16.
Destroy	Permanently deletes one or more selected files or folders. A panel asks you to confirm the deletion or cancel it.
Empty Recycler	Permanently deletes all files and folders in the recycler so you cannot retrieve them. Emptying the recycler frees disk space.

Workspace Manager Edit Menu

Table A-15

Command	Action
Cut, Copy, Paste, Delete	These are standard commands for moving, copying, or deleting text. In the Workspace Manager, you can use these commands when renaming a file or folder or when typing in a panel. See "Moving and Copying Text" on page 9-8 and "Deleting and Replacing Text" on page 9-7.
Select All	Selects the entire contents of the section of a window you are working in. In the File Viewer, this command can select the contents of the current folder. If you are editing a file or folder name, the name is selected. If you are typing in a text field, the text you have typed is selected. The Select All command selects not only what is showing but also what you can scroll to see.

Workspace Manager Disk Menu

Table A-16

Command	Action
Eject	Removes the contents of a floppy disk from your file system so you can safely eject the disk from its disk drive. See"Ejecting a Disk" on page 8-9.
Initialize	Opens a panel that you can use to erase a disk you want to reuse. You can also rename the disk and choose a format for storing files and folders. See "Reusing a Disk" on page 8-8.
Check for Disks	Detects any floppy disk you have inserted so it appears in the File Viewer. See "Inserting a Floppy Disk" on page 8-1.

Workspace Manager View Menu

Table A-17

Command	Action
Browser	Changes the current view in the main window to the browser view. See "Browsing Files and Folders" on page 3-13.
Icon	Changes the current view in the main window to the icon view. The icon view is the standard view. It represents files and folders as icons. File and folder names appear under the icon.
Listing	Changes the current view in the main window to the listing view. See "Listing Files and Folders" on page 3-15.
Sort Icons	Sorts the icons in the current folder according to the category you choose with the Inspector command. This command applies only to the icon view. See "Sorting Files and Folders" on page 7-4.

Table A-17 (Continued)

Command	Action
Clean Up Icons	Lines up icons in the current folder to remove empty spaces. This command applies only to the icon view.
New Viewer	Opens a duplicate of your File Viewer. You can use multiple File Viewers to view different parts of your file system at the same time. Unlike your original File Viewer, the duplicate has a close button you can use to get rid of it.
Update Viewers	Updates the contents of folder windows to include changes made elsewhere. This command can show the correct icon for files associated with a newly installed application, if the correct icon does not appear automatically. Choosing Update Viewers gives the files their correct icon so they can open in the right application. Update Viewers can also show changes made to the file system with a UNIX command in the Terminal application. For example, if you change the permission of a file in Terminal, you may need to choose Update Viewers in order for the change to appear in the File Viewer.

Workspace Manager Tools Menu

Table A-18

Command	Action
Inspector	Opens a panel where you can get information about the selected file or folder and specify some options for using it. See Chapter 7, "Inspecting Files and Folders."
Finder	Opens a window that you can use to find files and folders. See "Finding Files and Folders" on page 3-28.
Processes	Opens a panel where you can track and manage processes--such as copying a file--that are going on in the background. You can also use this panel to quit an application if you have a software problem. See "Managing Several File Operations" on page 6-23 and "When the Quit Command Fails" on page 4-14.
Console	Opens a special UNIX window that shows you the version of the system software you are using and error messages or other status messages that may occur.

Edit Commands

These are the basic Edit application commands. For information on other commands that are available in developer mode, see OpenStep Development Tools.

Edit Main Menu

Table A-19

Commands	Action
Info	Lists commands for getting information and setting preferences. See"Edit Info Menu" on page A-16.
File	Lists commands for opening, creating, and saving Edit documents. See "Document Menu" on page A-3.
Edit	Lists standard editing commands. See "Edit Menu" on page A-3.
Format	Lists commands for setting fonts, aligning text, and changing page layout options. See the "Format Menu" on page A-5. See also "Edit Text Submenu" on page A-16.
Windows	Lists commands for managing Edit windows. See "Windows Menu" on page A-8.
Print	Opens a panel where you can print an Edit document. See Chapter 14, "Printing."
Services	Lists commands that request the services of other applications. See "Services Menu" on page A-9.
Hide	Hides the Edit application, removing its windows and menus from view without closing them. You can double-click the Edit application icon to restore the windows and menus to view.
Quit	Quits the Edit application, putting all its windows away. If a document window contains unsaved changes, a panel asks if you want to save them before quitting.

Edit Info Menu

Table A-20

Command	Action
Info Panel, Help	These are the standard commands for getting information. See "Info Menu" on page A-2.
Preferences	Opens a panel that you can use to personalize the Edit application. If you are an application developer, you can choose to start Edit in Developer mode, which provides features for working with programming code. Just select the Developer Mode option. You can also have new documents open as plain text files rather than RTF files. Select the Plain Text (ASCII) option. You can choose a default font for RTF or plain text files--that is, the font that is displayed when you first type in a document. Click the Set button for the type of file. Then set a font in the Font Panel. For plain text files, you must choose a fixed-width font family, such as Courier. See "Setting a New Font" on page 9-12.

Edit Text Submenu

Table A-21

Command	Action
Align Left, Center, Align Right	These are the standard commands for aligning text. See "Text Submenu" on page A-7.
Show Ruler, Copy Ruler, Paste Ruler	These are the standard commands for making ruler settings in a document. See "Text Submenu" on page A-7.
Make ASCII	Changes the document you are working in from RTF to plain text format. All formatting is lost, and text is displayed in a fixed-width font. When you choose this command, it changes to Make RTF. You can then choose the command again to set fonts and formatting in the document.

Mail Buttons and Commands

Buttons in a Mailbox Window

Up Arrow, Down Arrow These buttons open the previous or next message listed in the summary area of a mailbox window. See "Opening Messages" on page 12-3.

Delete Deletes selected messages from a mailbox window. See "Deleting Messages" on page 13-1.

Compose Opens a window that you can use to compose and deliver a message. See "Sending a Message" on page 12-8.

Mailboxes Opens a panel that you can use to create and manage your mailboxes. See "Creating a Mailbox" on page 13-10 and "Moving Messages to Another Mailbox" on page 13-12.

Find Opens a panel that you can use to search for text in a message or messages in a mailbox. See "Finding Text" on page 9-9 and "Finding Messages" on page 13-14.

New Mail Retrieves all new messages and puts them in your Active mailbox. This button appears in place of the Find button if you have used the Preferences command to retrieve messages manually. "Tailoring How You Receive New Messages" on page 13-18.

Buttons in a Compose Window

Deliver Sends the message displayed in the Compose window to the recipients listed in the To and Cc fields. See "Sending a Message" on page 12-8.

Lip Service Opens a panel that you can use to listen to a recording you receive or to include a recording in a message. See "Listening to a Recording" on page 12-5, "Recording and Inserting Sound in a Message" on page 12-17, and "Editing Sound" on page 12-19.

Addresses Opens a panel with addresses of other people who are on your network or share your computer. You can also use this panel to create group addresses or even your own address book. See "Looking Up Mail Addresses" on page 13-5, "Creating Your Own Group Address" on page 13-8, and "Creating a Mail Address Book" on page 13-7.

Reply, Reply All Automatically enters addresses in your Compose window so you can quickly reply to the current message in your mailbox window. This button alternates between Reply and Reply All when you click it. See "Replying to a Message" on page 12-16.

Forward Copies the current message into your Compose window so you can quickly forward it to other addresses. See "Forwarding a Message" on page 12-14.

No Receipt, Receipt Gives you the option of receiving a notification message when your message has been read by each recipient using OpenStep mail. The button alternates between No Receipt and Receipt when you click it.

MIME Mail, PlainText Prepares a message for people using a computer that is not running OpenStep. The button alternates between MIME Mail and Plain Text when you click it. See "Sending a Message" on page 12-8.

Mail Menu

Table A-22

Command	Action
Info	Lists commands for getting information about Mail and setting preferences. See "Mail Info Menu" on page A-20.
Mailbox	Lists commands for working with mailboxes. See "Mail Mailbox Menu" on page A-21.
Message	Lists commands for sending and managing messages. See "Mail Message Menu" on page A-22.
Compose	Lists commands that open panels and windows for tools you can use in Mail. See "Mail Compose Menu" on page A-24.
Edit	Lists the standard editing commands. See "Mail Edit Menu" on page A-26.
Format	Lists standard commands for changing fonts, ruler settings, and page layout options. See "Mail Format Menu" on page A-27.
Windows	Lists commands for managing Mail windows. See "Windows Menu" on page A-8.
Print	Opens a panel you can use to print messages.
Services	Lists commands that request the services of other applications. See "Mail Services Menu" on page A-29.
Hide	Hides the Mail application, removing its windows and menus from view. You can double-click the Mail icon in the dock to restore the windows and menus to view.
Quit	Quits the Mail application, putting all its windows away. If a Compose window contains an undelivered message, a panel asks if you want to deliver it.

Mail Info Menu

Table A-23

Command	Action
Info Panel, Help	These are standard commands for finding out about the Mail application. See "Info Menu" on page A-2.
Preferences	Opens a panel that you can use to personalize the Mail application. You can decide whether you want to receive messages automatically or retrieve them yourself (see "Tailoring How You Receive New Messages" on page 13-18) and get a sound announcement of new messages (see "Setting a Sound to Announce New Messages" on page 13-20). You can set Mail to start hidden. If you have already used the Workspace Manager to have Mail start automatically, you check the "Hide on Auto-Launch" box to have Mail start hidden. You can have replies to all your messages go to someone other than yourself. You type one or more addresses in the Reply To field. When anyone uses the Reply button to respond to one of your messages, the To field of his or her Compose window is filled with the addresses you type here. You can check the Request Read Receipt option to receive a notification message from OpenStep recipients of all messages you send. Mail delivers the notification messages to your Active mailbox. You can check the Send MIME Alternatives option to have all your Compose windows open in the proper format for sending messages to people not running OpenStep Mail. You can check the Archive Outgoing Mail option to create a special mailbox that collects outgoing messages. Mail creates a mailbox named Outgoing.mbox, and puts copies of all messages you send in it. You can open this mailbox using the Mailboxes panel. You can set preferences for developers and system administrators. See "Expert Preferences" on page 13-29.

Mail Mailbox Menu

Table A-24

Command	Action
Mailboxes	Opens Mailboxes panel.
Get New Mail	Retrieves all new messages and puts them in your Active mailbox--just like the New Mail button in a mailbox window. You use this command if you have used the Preferences command to retrieve messages manually. See "Tailoring How You Receive New Messages" on page 13-18.
Sorting	Lists commands for sorting messages in a mailbox window. See "Mail Sorting Submenu" on page A-22.
Focus	Focuses on a group of messages and lists only their summaries
Unfocus	in the mailbox window you are working in. Lets you see all your messages again after focusing on a group of messages; lists all message summaries in the mailbox window you are working in.
Show Sizes	Lets you see the size of each message and the total size of all
Hide Sizes	messages in the mailbox window you are working in. Hides the size of each message and the total size of all messages in the mailbox window in which you are working.
Show Deleted	Lets you see dimmed summaries of messages you have
Hide Deleted	deleted since you last compacted the mailbox you are working in. Hides dimmed summaries of deleted messages.
Compact	Permanently removes from the disk all messages you have deleted from the mailbox you are working in. See "Compacting a Mailbox to Free Disk Space" on page 13-3.

Mail Sorting Submenu

Table A-25

Command	Action
Sort by Date	Sorts messages in the order they were sent. This order may differ from the order in which they were received.
Sort by Name	Sorts messages alphabetically by the sender's name, with uppercase letters preceding lowercase letters.
Sort by Number	Sorts messages sequentially, in the order they were received.
Sort by Size	Sorts messages by their sizes, listing the smallest message first.
Sort by Subject	Sorts messages by their subject titles. You can use this command to collect messages on a certain topic, for example, to delete them or move them to another mailbox.

Mail Message Menu

Table A-26

Command	Action
Mark as Unread	Marks a selected message in the mailbox you are
Mark as Read	working in with an unread symbol. Removes the unread symbol from the selected message in the mailbox you are working in.
Show All Headers	Displays all headers in the current message in the
Show Filtered Headers	mailbox in which you are working. Displays original set of headers in the current message in the mailbox in which you are working.
Undelete	Undeletes the last message you deleted. Repeated use of the Undelete command restores previously deleted messages up to the last time the mailbox was compacted.

Table A-26 (Continued)

Command	Action
MIME	Opens the MIME submenu.
Decode Foreign Attachments	Decodes any files encoded with the UNIX uuencode command in the current message in your mailbox. Opens a Workspace Manager folder window that contains a temporary copy of each file.
Add Private User	Adds the sender's address from the current message in your mailbox window to the Private Users list in the Addresses panel. This command adds the address even if the panel is not open. See "Creating a Mail Address Book" on page 13-7.

Mail MIME Submenu

Table A-27

Command	Action
Show First Alternative	Displays a MIME message in its first available format, which is usually the plainest format.
Show Best Alternative	Displays each part of a MIME message in its richest format.
Show All Alternatives	Displays all versions of each part of a MIME message. If parts of the message are included in multiple formats, those parts may appear multiple times.
Combine Messages	Combines pieces of a MIME message into one message. Use this command to see the original message when you receive a MIME message that has been split into multiple messages.

Mail Compose Menu

Table A-28

Command	Action
New	Opens a Compose window.
Reply	Copies the address of the person who sent the current message into the To field of a Compose window. If the sender used the Send Options or Preferences command to specify a return address, choosing Reply copies that address to the To field.
Reply All	Copies addresses from the Cc field of the current message into the Cc field of your Compose window.
Forward	Forwards the current message in a mailbox window to the people you name in the To and Cc fields. When you choose Forward, the current message is copied into your Compose window following any text that is already there.
Addresses...	Opens the Addresses panel; performs the same operation as the Addresses button in a Compose window. You can use the Addresses panel to define group addresses for groups of people to whom you frequently send messages and to create your own address book.
Send Options...	Opens a panel where you can type a long list of addresses and choose message destinations. See "Addresses and Some Options for Entering Them" on page 12-11.
Lip Service...	Opens the Lip Service panel; performs the same operation as the Lip Service button in a Compose window. You can use the Lip Service panel to create and edit sound recordings in your messages. You can also use this panel to listen to a recording you have received in a message.

Table A-28 (Continued)

Command	Action
Make ASCII	Converts all text in the message area of a Compose window to plain text. If the message contains any graphic images, sound icons, or file or folder attachments, a panel asks you to remove them. You should remove them and choose Make ASCII again. The Make ASCII command does not enforce a line length, change text to a fixed-width font, or add returns to the ends of lines, as does the MIME Mail/PlainText button in a Compose window. You use that button rather than Make ASCII to send a message to a computer that is not running OpenStep.
Drafts	Opens the Drafts submenu. Creates the Drafts mailbox if it does not already exist.
Deliver	Delivers the message in the Compose window to the people named in the To and Cc fields.

Mail Drafts Submenu

Table A-29

Command	Action
Save in Drafts	Saves the contents of your Compose window as a message in the Drafts mailbox. Each time you save a draft of the same message, Mail saves another version of the message--it does not replace the last version you saved.
Restore Draft	Restores the last draft of a message you saved.

Mail Edit Menu

Table A-30

Command	Action
Cut, Copy, Paste	These are standard commands that you can use to move or copy text, graphic images, icons, or segments of a waveform in the Lip Service panel. You can also use these commands to move or copy messages from one mailbox to another by selecting the messages in one mailbox window and choosing Cut or Copy. Then you can click in the summary area of another mailbox window and choose Paste. See "Edit Menu" on page A-3.
Delete	Deletes the current selection. In a Compose window, you can use the Delete command to delete text, graphic images, icons, or segments of a waveform in the Lip Service panel. In a mailbox window, the Delete command deletes selected messages--just like the Delete button in the window.
Undo	Restores the last text you deleted from the message in a Compose window. Repeated use of Undo inserts copies of the last deleted text. Undo does not reverse any other editing actions.
Undelete	Restores the last message you deleted.
Find	Lists commands for locating text and messages. See "Mail Find Submenu" on page A-27.
Spelling, Check Spelling	These are standard commands you can use to check spelling in a message in a Compose window. See "Edit Menu" on page A-3.
Select All	Selects the entire contents of the last area you clicked in. This can be the summary area of a mailbox window, a message in a mailbox or Compose window, a text field, or a waveform in the Lip Service panel.

Mail Find Submenu

Table A-31

Command	Action
Find Panel	Opens a panel you can use to find text in a message and find messages in a mailbox. See "Finding Text" on page 9-9 and "Finding Messages" on page 13-14.
Find Next, Find Previous, Enter Selection	These are standard commands you can use to find text in a message or in a summary area of a mailbox. See "Find Submenu" on page A-4.

Mail Format Menu

Table A-32

Command	Action
Font	Lists the standard Font submenu commands. See "Mail Font Submenu" on page A-28.
Text	Lists commands you can use to align text in a message. See "Standard Commands" on page A-1.
Page Layout	Opens a panel where you can define how a message looks on the printed page. See "Preparing a File for Printing" on page 14-1.

Mail Font Submenu

Table A-33

Command	Action
Font Panel	Opens the standard panel for setting and previewing fonts. In a Compose window, settings in the Font Panel apply to text you type or select in a message. In a mailbox window, they apply to all the text in the summary area or all the text in the message area--wherever you clicked last. The font you set in the message area of a mailbox window also becomes the font you get automatically in Compose windows. See "Setting a New Font" on page 9-12 and "Previewing a Font" on page 9-16.
Bold, Italic	These are the standard Font menu commands for changing the typeface of text. In a Compose window, these commands apply to text you type or select in a message. In a mailbox window, they apply to all text in the summary area, or all text in the message area--wherever you clicked last. See "Font Submenu" on page A-6.
Underline	Adds or removes underlining from selected text or text you are about to type. The Underline command works only in a message you are composing.
Superscript, Subscript, Unscript	These are the standard commands for moving selected text up or down in relation to the baseline, and for returning it to normal. These commands work only in a message you are composing.
Colors	Opens a panel you can use to set the color of text in a message you are composing. See Chapter 10, "Working With Color."
Copy Font, Paste Font	These are standard commands for copying the font of selected text and applying it to other text. See "Font Submenu" on page A-6.

Mail Text Submenu

This menu lists the standard commands for aligning text in a message. You can use these commands in a message you are composing or one opened in a mailbox window. See "Text Submenu" on page A-7.

Mail Services Menu

This menu lists the standard commands that request services from other applications. (See "Services Menu" on page A-9.) In addition, it lists two commands that are available only in the Mail application.

Table A-34

Command	Action
Edit Open Message	Provides a quick way to insert the contents of an Edit file into a message you are composing. When you choose this command, an Open panel appears in the Edit application. Opening a file from this panel inserts the contents of the file into a Compose window.
Edit Save Message	Opens a new document window in the Edit application and inserts the current message in the window. This command also opens a Save panel that you use to save the message in an Edit file. For more information, see "Saving a New File" on page 5-4.

Preferences Buttons and Commands

Preferences Buttons

Mouse Preferences Displays options for setting the responsiveness of the mouse. You can also choose a mouse button to display hidden menus. See "Changing the Responsiveness of the Mouse" on page 16-7 and "Hiding Menus" on page 15-4.

Keyboard Preferences Displays options for setting and testing the responsiveness of the keyboard for repeating characters. See "Setting the Rate for Repeating Characters" on page 16-6.

Display Preferences Displays options for setting the delay for the automatic screen saver. You can also choose a background color for your display. See "Setting the Screen Saver" on page 16-1 and "Changing the Background Color of the Display" on page 16-2.

Localization Preferences Displays options for choosing an application language, choosing a paper size for printing files, and setting units of measurement. See "Choosing an Application Locale" on page 15-13,

"Choosing a Paper Size" on page 15-15, and "Changing Units of Measurement" on page 15-14. See also "Choosing a Keyboard Arrangement" on page 16-8.

General Preferences Displays options for choosing the fonts that are displayed on the screen and in applications, selecting a system beep, choosing visual warnings, and requesting voice alerts. See "Changing the Fonts on the Screen" on page 15-19 and "Choosing a Font for Applications" on page 15-21. See also "Choosing System Beeps and Warnings" on page 16-4.

Date & Time Preferences Displays options for setting the date and time, changing time zones, and choosing a display for the date and time. Your system administrator may disable these options entirely. See "Setting the Date" on page 15-10 and "Setting the Time" on page 15-12.

Password Preferences Displays options for setting a new password or changing your current password. See "Setting a Password" on page 15-6.

Menu Preferences Displays options for hiding your menus, choosing a standard location for menus, and creating your own keyboard alternatives. See "Hiding Menus" on page 15-4 and "Creating Keyboard Alternatives" on page 15-18.

Expert Preferences Displays options for displaying large file systems and UNIX files. You can also set options for controlling access to new files and folders. See "Displaying Large File Systems" on page 15-23, "Displaying UNIX Files" on page 15-24, and "Setting Global File and Folder Permissions" on page 15-22.

Services Preferences Displays options for you to choose the services you want to be displayed in the Services menu for all applications. See "Customizing the Services Menu" on page 15-16.

Preferences Menu

Table A-35

Command	Action
Info	Lists standard commands for getting information about the application. See "Info Menu" on page A-2.
Edit	Lists standard editing commands. See "Edit Menu" on page A-3.
Windows	Lists standard window management commands. See "Windows Menu" on page A-8.
Hide	Hides the Preferences application, removing its windows and menus from view. You can double-click the Preferences icon in the dock to restore the windows and menus to view.
Quit	Quits the Preferences application, closing all its windows and panels.

Preview Commands

Preview Menu

Table A-36

Command	Action
Info	Lists commands for getting information about Preview. See "Preview Info Menu" on page A-32.
File	Lists commands for opening and saving graphic files. See "Document Menu" on page A-3. See also "Previewing Pages" on page 11-3 and "Previewing Graphic Images" on page 11-5.
Edit	Lists standard editing commands. See "Edit Menu" on page A-3.
Format	Lists the Page Layout command. See "Format Menu" on page A-5.
Display	Lists commands for switching pages in multiple-page files and for changing the way the current page is displayed in the window. See "Preview Display Menu" on page A-32.
Windows	Lists commands for managing Preview windows. See "Windows Menu" on page A-8.
Print	Opens a panel where you can print the image in the main window. See "Printing a File" on page 14-2.

Table A-36 (Continued)

Command	Action
Services	Lists commands that request the services of other applications. See "Services Menu" on page A-9.
Hide	Hides the Preview application, removing all its windows and menus from view without closing them. You can double-click the Preview application icon to restore the windows and menus to view.
Quit	Quits the Preview application, putting all its windows away.

Preview Info Menu

Table A-37

Command	Action
Info Panel	Displays the version number, author, and copyright notice for the Preview application.
Help	Opens a window with information about the Preview application.

Preview Display Menu

Table A-38

Command	Action
Page Backward	Displays the previous page in a page-oriented PostScript file.
Draw Page	Redraws the page in the main window.
Page Forward	Displays the next page in a page-oriented PostScript file.
Cancel	Stops Preview from drawing or redrawing the image in the main window. This command is useful when the image is complicated and takes a long time to display.
Zoom In	Increases the magnification of the image in the main window.
Zoom Out	Decreases the magnification of the image in the main window.
Disable Image Caching	Changes the method Preview uses to redraw pages. If image caching is already turned off, the command changes to Enable Image Caching, and you can choose it to switch Preview back to the original drawing method.

Terminal Commands

The following sections summarize the menus and commands available in Terminal.

Terminal Main Menu

Terminal's main menu contains the standard Windows, Print, Services, Hide, and Quit commands. The other commands and the submenus they open are described in the sections that follow. Several standard commands are discussed here only in terms of their particular use in Terminal.

Terminal Info Menu

Terminal's Info menu provides the standard Info Panel command, plus the commands listed in Table A-39.

Table A-39

Command	Description
Preferences	Opens the Preferences panel. See "Setting Terminal Preferences" on page 17-3.
Terminal Services	Opens the Terminal Services panel. See"Defining Services for Use in Other Applications" on page 17-18.

Terminal Shell Menu

Terminal's Shell menu provides the commands listed in Table A-40.

Table A-40

Command	Description
Open	Opens an existing shell window or set of shell windows that have previously been saved in a file using the Save (or Save As) command.
New	Opens a new shell window, using the default settings.

Table A-40 (Continued)

Command	Description
Run Command	Displays a panel in which you type a UNIX command to be run. The command is run in a new Terminal window. (The command is displayed as the title of the window; when the process running in the window has completed, the title changes to "Dead Terminal.")
Save, Save As	Saves a window or set of windows to a file, allowing you to save and reuse your preferred configurations. See "Saving a Terminal Configuration for Later Use" on page 17-14.
Set Title	Displays a panel for you to edit and set the current title of the window. The Preferences panel allows greater control over this--you can combine your own text with Terminal's automatically updated information. See "Title Bar Preferences" on page 17-6 for more information.
Steal Keys	Allows you to effectively debug an application from a shell window in which the debugger is running. The debugging process frequently involves alternately activating Terminal (to type debugger commands) and the other application (to test the application being debugged). However, clicking to alternatively activate and deactivate the application being debugged causes the application to change its state in unpredictable ways. To let you avoid this problem, the Steal Keys command puts Terminal in a special debugging mode. In this mode, Terminal can be activated or deactivated simply by moving the pointer into or out of the Terminal shell window. Therefore, you can easily activate Terminal whenever you want to type a debugger command, without clicking and thus affecting the state of the application you are debugging. When you are ready to exit debugging mode, click in the Terminal window to make the Terminal main menu redisplay, and then choose this command again (its name will have changed to Yield Keys).
Page Layout	Displays the standard Page Layout panel, which lets you choose among various paper sizes, scaling factors, and orientations for text printed from the main window.

Terminal Edit Menu

Terminal's Edit menu provides the standard editing and text-searching commands listed in Table A-41, which can be used for finding and editing text in a Terminal window.

Table A-41

Command	Description
Cut, Copy, Paste	These commands let you copy or move text, either between Terminal windows or between a Terminal window and another window that supports copying and pasting. To duplicate text, select the text and choose Copy. To insert the most recently cut or copied text at the Terminal window's command-line pointer location, choose Paste. Copy puts a copy of the selected text onto the pasteboard, from where it can be pasted with the Paste command. The pasteboard holds just one selection; each Copy operation overwrites the previous contents of the pasteboard. Note: Cut is always disabled. The only way to remove text from a Terminal window is to use the Clear Buffer command.
Find	Displays a submenu that contains commands for finding text, as described in "Terminal Find Submenu" on page A-36.
Clear Buffer	Removes text from the scrollback buffer, leaving just the current command line.
Select All	Selects all the text in the main window. This is useful, for example, when you want to copy the entire range of text to another application, such as Edit.

Terminal Find Submenu

The Terminal Find submenu contains the commands listed in Table A-42 that let you search for text in the main Terminal window.

Table A-42

Command	Description
Find Panel	Opens the Find panel, which enables you to locate the next occurrence of a specified string. For more information, see "Finding Text in a Terminal Window" on page 17-16.
Find Next, Find Previous	These are the standard Find menu commands. The Find Next command performs the same function as the Next button in the Find panel, and Find Previous is the same as the Find panel's Previous button.
Enter Selection	Copies the selected text in the main window into the Find panel's Find field, even if the Find panel is not open or the key window.
Jump to Selection	When the insertion point or current text selection is not showing in the main window, the Jump to Selection command scrolls it into view. If there is no insertion point or current text selection, this command scrolls to the end of the buffer. Note: Clicking in a Terminal window positions the insertion point where you clicked. However, the insertion point is not visible since it is not possible to perform any copy or paste operation on it. This may cause some confusion, since the Jump to Selection command may sometimes jump to a location that does not appear to have any selected text associated with it.

Terminal Font Submenu

The Terminal Font submenu contains the standard Font menu commands described in "Font Submenu" on page A-6 and listed in Table A-43. However, these commands apply to the entire contents of the Terminal window, not just to selected text.

Table A-43

Command	Description
Font Panel	Displays the standard Font panel, which lets you choose among various fonts, typefaces, and font sizes. However, only fixed-width fonts, such as Courier, can be used in Terminal.
Bold, Italic	Makes the text in the main Terminal window become bold or italic.
Larger, Smaller	Makes the text in the main Terminal window become larger or smaller.
Copy Font, Paste Font	Copy Font copies the font settings of the main window so that you can paste them into another window with the Paste Font command.
Colors	Displays the standard Colors panel.