............................Contents

Finding System and Network Administration Information	xliii
About This Book	xlvii
Part 1 --Managing User Accounts and Groups
1. Overview of Managing User Accounts and Groups	3
...What Are User Accounts and Groups	4
...Guidelines for Managing User Accounts	4
......Name Services	4
......User (Login) Names	5
......User ID Numbers	5
......Passwords	7
......Password Aging	8
......Home Directories	8
......The User's Work Environment	9
...Guidelines for Managing Groups	9
...Tools for Managing User Accounts and Groups	11

...What You Can Do With User Manager	13
......Mount Home Directories Automatically	13
......Add New Users Quickly	14
......Set Default Settings for Adding Users	14
......Modify User Accounts	14
......Delete User Accounts	15
......Add Customized User Initialization Files	15
......Administer Passwords	16
......Disable User Accounts	16
...What You Can't Do With User Manager	17
...What You Can Do With Group Manager	17
...Where User Account and Group Information Is Stored	17
......Fields in the Password File	18
......Fields in the Shadow File	19
......Fields in the Group File	20
...Customizing a User's Work Environment	23
......Use Site Initialization Files	24
......Avoid Local System References	25
......Shell Features	25
......Shell Environment	26
......The PATH Variable	29
......The Locale Variables	31
......Default File Permissions (umask)	32
......Examples of User and Site Initialization Files	33

......Example--Site Initialization File	35
2. Setting Up and Maintaining User Accounts and Groups	37
...Setting Up User Accounts	38
......User Information Data Sheet	40
......· How to Customize User Initialization Files	41
......· How to Start Group Manager	43
......· How to Add a Group	45
......· How to Start User Manager	46
......· How to Set Up User Account Defaults	48
......· How to Add a New User Account	49
......· How to Copy an Existing User Account	51
......· How to Share a User's Home Directory	52
......· How to Mount a User's Home Directory	55
...Maintaining User Accounts	57
......· How to Modify a Group	58
......· How to Delete a Group	59
......· How to Modify a User Account	60
......· How to Disable a User Account	62
......· How to Change a User's Password	64
......· How to Change Password Aging for a User Account	66
......· How to Delete a User Account	68
Part 2 --Managing Server and Client Support
3. Overview of Managing Server and Client Support	71
...What Are Servers and Clients	72

...What Does Support Mean	72
...Overview of System Types	73
......Servers	74
......Standalone Systems	74
......Diskless Clients	74
......Dataless Clients	75
......AutoClient Systems	76
...Guidelines for Choosing System Types	76
...Tools for Managing Server and Client Support	77
...What You Can Do With Host Manager	77
......Add and Maintain Support	78
......Update System Types	78
......Convert System Types	79
......Add OS Services	79
......Set Up Remote Installation Services	80
...What You Can't Do With Host Manager	80
4. Adding and Maintaining Server and Client Support	83
...Adding Server and Client Support	84
......· How to Start Solstice Host Manager	86
......· How to Update System Types	88
......· How to Set Defaults for Adding Support	88
......· How to Add Support for a Standalone System
........or OS Server	89
......· How to Convert a Standalone System to an OS Server	92

......· How to Add SunOS 4.x OS Services to an OS Server	94
......· How to Add Solaris 2.x OS Services to an OS Server	99
......· How to Add Support for a Diskless Client	101
......· How to Add Support for a Dataless Client	104
...Maintaining Server and Client Support	107
......· How to Modify Support for a System	108
......· How to Delete Support for a System	108
Part 3 --Shutting Down and
..Booting a System
5. Overview of Shutting Down
...and Booting a System	111
...Terminology	112
...Guidelines for Shutting Down a System	112
...Guidelines for Booting a System	113
...Performing a Reconfiguration Boot	114
...When to Shut Down a System	115
...When to Boot a System	116
6. Run Levels and Boot Files	117
...Run Levels	118
......· How to Determine a System's Run Level	119
...The /etc/inittab File	120
......Example--Default inittab File	121
......What Happens When the System is Brought to Run Level 3	122
...Run Control Scripts	124
......Using a Run Control Script to Stop or Start Services	125

......· How to Use a Run Control Script to Stop
........or Start a Service	125
......Adding a Run Control Script	126
......· How to Add a Run Control Script	126
......Disabling a Run Control Script	127
......· How to Disable a Run Control Script	127
...Run Control Script Summaries	129
7. Shutting Down a System	133
...When to Shut Down the System	134
......How to Shut Down a System	134
......When to Turn Off Power to Devices	135
......Notifying Users of System Down Time	136
......· How to Determine Who is Logged in to a System	136
......· How to Shut Down a Server	137
......· How to Shut Down a Standalone System	142
......· How to Turn Off Power to All Devices	145
8. Booting a SPARC System	147
...Using the Boot PROM	148
......· SPARC: How to Switch to the ok Prompt	148
......· SPARC: How to Find the PROM Release for a System .	148
......· SPARC: How to Change the Default Boot Device	149
......· SPARC: How to Reset the System	151
...Booting a SPARC System	152
......· SPARC: How to Boot a System to Run Level 3 (Multiuser
........State)	153

......· SPARC: How to Boot a System to Run Level S (Single-User
........State)	155
......· SPARC: How to Boot a System Interactively	156
......· SPARC: How to Boot a System for Recovery Purposes	158
......· SPARC: How to Stop the System for Recovery Purposes	160
......Forcing a Crash Dump and Rebooting the System	161
......· SPARC: How to Force a Crash Dump and Reboot the
........System	161
......· SPARC: How to Boot the System Using
........ the Kernel Debugger (kadb)	162
...SPARC: Troubleshooting System Problems	163
9. Booting an x86 System	165
...Booting an x86 System	166
......· x86: How to Boot a System
........to Run Level 3 (Multiuser State)	167
......· x86: How to Boot a System to Run Level S (Single-User
........State)	168
......· x86: How to Boot a System Interactively	170
......· x86: How to Boot a System for Recovery Purposes	172
......· x86: How to Stop the System for Recovery Purposes	174
......Forcing a Crash Dump and Rebooting the System	175
......· x86: How to Force a Crash Dump
........and Reboot the System	175
...x86: Troubleshooting System Problems	176
10. The Boot Process	177
...SPARC: The Boot PROM	178

...SPARC: The Boot Process	179
...SPARC: The Boot Process Details	180
...x86: The PC BIOS	181
...x86: Boot Subsystems	181
......x86: The Boot Process	184
......x86: The Boot Process Details	185
Part 4 --Managing Removable Media
11. Guidelines for Using CDs and Diskettes	189
...Features and Benefits	189
...Comparison of Automatic and Manual Mounting	190
...What You Can Do With Diskettes and CDs	191
12. Using CDs and Diskettes Through File Manager	193
......· How to Load a Diskette	194
......· How to Load a CD	195
......· How to Eject a Diskette or CD	195
...Accessing Files on CDs and Diskettes	197
......· How to Examine the Contents of a Diskette or CD	197
......· How to Copy Information from a CD	198
......· How to Move Information Between a Diskette and a
........System	199
13. Using CDs From the Command Line	201
...Using CDs	202
......Using CD Names	203
......· How to Load a CD	203

......· How to Examine the Contents of a CD	204
......· How to Copy Information From a CD	204
......· How to Find Out If a CD is Still in Use	206
......· How to Eject a CD	207
......· How to Access CDs on Other Systems	207
......· How to Make Local CDs Available to Other Systems	209
......· How to Configure a System to Play Musical CDs	213
......· How to Prepare a System for a New CD-ROM Drive	214
...Configuring Volume Management	215
......· How to Stop Volume Management	215
......· How to Restart Volume Management	215
14. Formatting and Using Diskettes From the Command Line	217
...Formatting Diskettes	218
......Using Diskette Names	219
......Hardware Considerations	219
......· How to Format a UFS Diskette	222
......· How Place a UFS File System on a Diskette	225
......· How to Format a DOS Diskette	228
...Using Diskettes	231
......· How to Load a Diskette	232
......· How to Examine the Contents of a Diskette	233
......· How to Copy or Move Information From a Diskette	234
......· How to Copy or Move Information to a Diskette	235
......· How to Find Out If a Diskette Is Still in Use	237

......· How to Eject a Diskette	238
......· How to Access Diskettes on Other Systems	239
......· How to Make Local Diskettes Available
........to Other Systems	241
15. Using PCMCIA Memory Cards From the Command Line	245
...Formatting PCMCIA Memory Cards	246
......Using PCMCIA Memory Cards Names	247
......Hardware Considerations	247
......· How to Format a UFS PCMCIA Memory Card	248
......· How to Place a UFS File System on a PCMCIA Memory
........Card	251
......· How to Format a DOS PCMCIA Memory Card	254
...Using PCMCIA Memory Cards	257
......· How to Load a PCMCIA Memory Card	258
......· How to Display the Contents
........of a PCMCIA Memory Card	260
......· How to Copy or Move Information From a PCMCIA
........Memory Card	261
......· How to Copy or Move Information to a PCMCIA Memory
........Card	262
......· How to Find Out If a PCMCIA Memory Card
........Is Still In Use	264
......· How to Eject a PCMCIA Memory Card	265
......· How to Access PCMCIA Memory Cards
........on Other Systems	265
......· How to Make Local PCMCIA Memory Cards Available to
........Other Systems	268

16. How Volume Management Works	273
...Volume Management Mounts All Removable Media	274
...It Provides Access to Diskettes	274
...It Provides Access to CDs	275
...It Supplies Convenient Mount Points for Easier Access	277
...It Creates Two Sets of Symbolic Links	279
......Symbolic Links for File System Access	279
......Symbolic Links for Raw Device Access	279
...It Can Be Limited by UFS Formats	280
......What About Mixed Formats?	281
Part 5 --Managing Software
17. Overview of Software Administration	285
...Software Packages	286
...Tools for Managing Software	286
...What Happens When You Add or Remove a Package	287
...What You Should Know Before Adding or Removing Packages	288
...Guidelines for Client Software Administration	288
......Installing Sun Packages on Servers and Clients	289
......Installing Third-Party Packages on Servers and Clients	290
......Installing Packages in Heterogeneous Environments	290
...Guidelines for Removing Packages	291
18. Adding and Removing Packages	293
...Commands for Handling Software Packages	294
...Prerequisites	294

...Problem With Adding and Removing Packages	295
...Avoiding User Interaction When Adding Packages	295
...Adding Packages	297
......· How to Add Packages to a Standalone System	297
...Using a Spool Directory	300
......· How to Add a Package to a Spool Directory	300
...Adding Packages in a Homogeneous Client/Server
......Environment	302
......Adding Sun Packages on Clients	303
......Adding Third-Party Packages on Clients	304
...Adding Packages in a Heterogeneous Client/Server
......Environment	305
......· How to Add a Package to a Diskless Client's Root File
........System	305
......· How to Add a Package to a Dataless Client's Root File
........System	310
......· How to Add Packages to a Server	313
......· How to Determine Where a Package's Files Will Be
........Installed	317
...Checking the Installation of Packages	319
......· How to Check the Integrity of an Installed Package	319
......· How to List Information About All Installed Packages	321
......· How to Display Detailed Information About a Package	322
...Removing Packages From Servers and Standalone Systems	324
......· How to Remove a Package	324
......· How to Remove a Spooled Package	324

......· How to Remove a Diskless Client's Package	325
......· How to Remove a Dataless Client's Package	326
...Managing Software Packages With Admintool	328
......· How to Start Admintool	329
......· How to Add Software With Admintool	329
19. Software Administration Troubleshooting	333
...Specific Software Administration Errors	334
...General Software Administration Problems	334
20. Overview of AnswerBook Administration	335
...A User's View	336
...A System Administrator's View	338
...Guidelines for AnswerBook Administration	338
......The Master ab_cardcatalog File	339
......The AB_CARDCATALOG Environment Variable	340
...AnswerBook Startup Process	341
...Environment Variables Useful in AnswerBook Administration	342
...Compatibility Issues With Older Versions of AnswerBook	342
...Compatibility of AnswerBook Viewers and Navigators	343
...AnswerBook on X Terminals	343
21. Installing AnswerBook	345
...Managing AnswerBook on the Network	346
...Prerequisites	347
...Considerations Before Installing AnswerBook on a Standalone
......System or Server	347

......AnswerBook Installation Options	348
......AnswerBook Parent Installation Directory	349
......· How to Check Required Disk Space for AnswerBook
........Packages	349
......· How to Check the Size of AnswerBook Packages	350
...Installing Any AnswerBook From an AnswerBook
......or Product CD	350
......· How to Install an AnswerBook From an AnswerBook or
........Product CD	351
...Installing the End User AnswerBook From the Solaris CD	356
......· How to Install the User AnswerBook
........From the Solaris CD	357
...Removing an AnswerBook Package	360
22. Setting Up AnswerBook on the Network	361
...Setting Up an AnswerBook Server and AnswerBook Clients .	362
...Prerequisites	363
...Setting Up an AnswerBook Server	363
......· How to Set Up an AnswerBook Server on the Network	363
...Enabling Clients to Access the AnswerBook Server	368
......· How to Enable Clients to Access an AnswerBook Server	369
...Converting a bookinfo File to an ab_cardcatalog File	371
......· How to Convert a bookfinfo
........File To an ab_cardcatalog File	371
...Using ab_admin to Manage the ab_cardcatalog File	371
......· How to Manage the ab_cardcatalog File	372
......· How to Determine If Display PostScript Is Available	374

23. AnswerBook Troubleshooting	375
...Specific AnswerBook Errors	376
...General AnswerBook Problems	378
24. Overview of Patch Administration	379
...What Is a Patch	380
...Tools For Managing Patches	380
...Patch Distribution	381
......What You Need to Access Sun Patches	381
......Patch Access Via the World-Wide Web	382
......Patch Access Via ftp	382
...Patch Numbering	383
...What Happens When You Add a Patch	383
...What Happens When You Remove a Patch	384
Part 6 --Managing Devices
25. Overview of Device Management	387
...About Device Drivers	389
...Automatic Configuration of Devices	389
......Features and Benefits	390
......What You Need For Unsupported Devices	390
...Adding a Peripheral Device to a System	391
......· How to Add a Peripheral Device	391
......· How to a Add a Device Driver	393
...Displaying Device Configuration Information	395
......driver not attached Message	395

......Identifying a System's Devices	396
......· How to Display System Configuration Information	397
......· How to Display Device Information	399
26. Accessing Devices	403
...Accessing Devices	404
......How Device Information Is Created	404
......Device Naming Conventions	404
...Logical Disk Device Names	406
......Specifying the Disk Subdirectory	406
......Specifying the Slice	407
......SPARC: Disks With Direct Controllers	408
......x86: Disks With Direct Controllers	408
......SPARC: Disks With Bus-Oriented Controllers	409
......x86: Disks With SCSI Controllers	409
...Logical Tape Device Names	410
...Logical CD-ROM Device Names	410
Part 7 --Managing Disks
27. Overview of Disk Management	413
...Introduction	414
...Disk Terminology	414
...About Disk Slices	414
......SPARC: Disk Slices	416
......x86: Disk Slices	417
......Slice Arrangements on Multiple Disks	418

......Determining Which Slices to Use	418
...The format Utility	420
......Definition	420
......Features and Benefits	420
......When to Use the format Utility	421
......Guidelines for Using the format Utility	422
......Formatting a Disk	423
...About Disk Labels	423
......Partition Table	424
...Dividing a Disk Into Slices	428
......Using the Free Hog Slice	428
28. Administering Disks	429
...Administering Disks	430
...Identifying Disks on a System	431
......· How to Identify the Disks on a System	431
...Formatting a Disk	434
......· How to Determine If a Disk Is Formatted	434
......· How to Format a Disk	435
...Displaying Disk Slices	438
......· How to Display Disk Slice Information	438
...Creating and Examining a Disk Label	442
......· How to Label a Disk	442
......· How to Examine a Disk Label	444
...Recovering a Corrupted Disk Label	446

......· How to Recover a Corrupted Disk Label	446
...Adding a Third-Party Disk	450
......Creating a format.dat Entry	450
......· How to Create a format.dat Entry	451
...Automatically Configuring SCSI Disk Drives	452
......· How to Automatically Configure a SCSI Disk Drive	453
...Repairing a Defective Sector	455
......· How to Identify a Defective Sector by Using Surface
........Analysis	456
......· How to Repair a Defective Sector	458
...Tips and Tricks	459
......Debugging format Sessions	459
......Label Multiple Disks by Using the prtvtoc and fmthard
........Commands	460
29. SPARC: Adding a Disk	461
...SPARC: About System and Secondary Disks	462
...SPARC: Adding a System or Secondary Disk	463
......· SPARC: How to Connect a Secondary Disk and Boot .	465
......· SPARC: How to Create Disk Slices and Label a Disk	467
......· SPARC: How to Create File Systems	474
......· SPARC: How to Install a Boot Block on a System Disk	476
30. x86: Adding a Disk	477
...About System and Secondary Disks	478
... Adding a System or Secondary Disk	479
......x86: Guidelines for Creating an fdisk Partition	480

......· x86: How to Connect a System Disk and Boot	481
......· x86: How to Connect a Secondary Disk and Boot	483
......· x86: How to Create a Solaris fdisk Partition	485
......· x86: How to Create Disk Slices and Label a Disk	487
......· x86: How to Create File Systems	490
......· x86: How to Restore File Systems	490
......· x86: How to Install a Boot Block on a System Disk	492
31. The format Utility	493
...Requirements or Restrictions for Using the format Utility	494
...Recommendations for Preserving Information When Using
......format	494
...Format Menu and Command Descriptions	494
......The partition Menu	497
......The analyze Menu	500
......The defect Menu	502
...Files Used by format--format.dat	502
......Structure	503
......Syntax	503
......Keywords	504
......Slice Tables	507
......Location	507
...Rules for Input to format Commands	509
......Numbers	509
......Block Numbers	509

......Command Names	510
......Other Names	511
......Help	511
...Associated Man Pages	512
Part 8 --Managing File Systems
32. Overview of File Systems	515
...Types of File Systems	517
......Disk-based File Systems	517
......Network-based File Systems	518
......Virtual File Systems	518
...File System Administration Commands	521
......Syntax of Generic Commands	522
......How the File System Commands Determine the File System
........Type	523
......Manual Pages for Generic and Specific Commands	523
...The Default Solaris File Systems	523
...Swap Space	525
...The UFS File System	525
......Disk Slices	526
......Cylinder Groups	529
......Types of Blocks	529
......Size Restrictions on UFS File Systems	529
...Planning UFS File Systems	530
...UFS Fix-On-Panic	531

...Mounting and Unmounting	533
......Automounting Directories	538
......Sharing Files From a Server	538
...Determining a File System's Type	541
......· How to Determine the Type of a File System	541
......· How to Determine a Mounted File System's Type	542
......· How to Find Out Which File Systems are Mounted
........on What Disk Slices	543
33. Creating File Systems	547
...Creating a UFS File System	547
......File System Parameters	548
......Prerequisites	548
......· How to Create a UFS File System	549
...Creating a Temporary File System (TMPFS)	551
......· How to Create a Temporary File System	551
......· How to Preserve a Temporary File System	553
...Creating a Loopback File System (LOFS)	553
......· How to Create a Loopback File System	553
......· How to Preserve a Loopback File System	554
34. Mounting and Unmounting File Systems	557
...Mounting File Systems	558
......Prerequisites	558
......Verifying a Mounted File System	559
......Commands Used to Mount and Unmount File Systems	559

......General Mount Options	560
......Field Descriptions of the /etc/vfstab File	561
......· How to See Which File Systems Are Mounted	562
......· How to Add an Entry in the /etc/vfstab File	562
......· How to Mount Multiple File Systems Listed in the
......../etc/vfstab File	564
......· How to Mount a File System Listed in the /etc/vfstab
........File	566
......· How to Mount a UFS File System	566
......· How to Mount an NFS File System	568
......· x86: How to Mount an S5FS File System	569
......· x86: How to Mount a PCFS (DOS) File System
........From a Hard Disk	570
...Unmounting File Systems	571
......Prerequisites	571
......Verifying an Unmounted File System	572
......· How to Stop All Processes for a File System	572
......· How to Unmount a File System	574
......· How to Unmount File Systems Listed
........in the /etc/vfstab File	575
35. Setting Up and Maintaining the Cache File System	577
...How CacheFS Works	578
...Setting Up a Cached File System	580
......· How to Create a Cache	581
...Specifying a File System to Be Mounted in the Cache	582

......· How to Specify a File System to be Mou
........in a Cache With mount(1M)	583
......· How to Mount a File System in a Cache Editing the
......../etc/vfstab File	586
......· How to Mount a File System in a Cache With AutoFS .	587
...Maintaining a Cached File System	589
...Maintaining the Cache	590
......· How to Modify File Systems in a Cache	590
......· How to Display Information About Cached File Systems	592
......· How to Specify Consistency Checking on Demand	593
......· How to Delete a Cached File System	594
......· How to Check the Integrity of Cached File Systems	596
36. Setting Up and Viewing CacheFS Statistics	599
...CacheFS Statistics	600
...Prerequisites for Setting Up and Viewing the CacheFS Statistics	601
...Setting Up CacheFS Statistics	602
...Setting Up the Logging Process	603
......· How to Set Up the Logging Process	603
......· How to Locate the Log File	605
......· How to Stop the Logging Process	606
...Viewing the Cache Size	607
......· How to View the Working Set (Cache) Size	607
...Viewing the Statistics	609
......· How to View Cache Statistics	609
...The Cache Structure and Behavior	610

...Consistency Checking of Cached File Systems
......With the Back File System	611
......Consistency Checking on Demand	611
37. Configuring Additional Swap Space	613
...About Swap Space	613
......Swap Space and Virtual Memory	614
......Swap Space and the tmpfs File System	615
...How Do I Know If I Need More Swap Space?	616
......Swap-Related Error Messages	616
......tmpfs-Related Error Messages	616
...How Swap Space Is Allocated	617
......The /etc/vfstab File	617
...Planning for Swap Space	618
...Monitoring Swap Resources	619
...Adding More Swap Space	620
......Creating a Swap File	620
......· How to Create a Swap File and Make It Available	621
...Removing a Swap File From Use	623
......· How to Remove Extra Swap Space	623
38. Recognizing File Access Problems	625
...Solving Problems With Search Paths	625
......· How to Diagnose and Correct Search Path Problems	626
...Solving Problems With Permission and Ownership	628
......· How to Change File Permissions	628

......· How to Change File Ownership	630
......· How to Change File Group Ownership	631
...Recognizing Problems With Network Access	632
39. Checking File System Integrity	633
...Understanding How the File System State Is Recorded	634
...What fsck Checks and Tries to Repair	636
...Error Messages	643
......General fsck Error Messages	644
......Initialization Phase fsck Messages	647
......Phase 1: Check Blocks and Sizes Messages	651
......Phase 1B: Rescan for More DUPS Messages	657
......Phase 2: Check Path Names Messages	657
......Phase 3: Check Connectivity Messages	669
......Phase 4: Check Reference Counts Messages	672
......Phase 5: Check Cylinder Groups Messages	677
......Cleanup Phase Messages	680
...Modifying Automatic Boot Checking	681
......The /etc/vfstab File	681
......· How to Modify Automatic Checking Done
........During Booting	683
...Interactively Checking and Repairing a UFS File System	683
......· How to See If a File System Needs Checking	683
......· How to Check File Systems Interactively	684
......Preening UFS File Systems	686

......· How to Preen a File System	686
...Restoring a Bad Superblock	687
......· How to Restore a Bad Superblock	687
......How to Fix a UFS File System fsck Cannot Repair	688
...Syntax and Options for the fsck Command	689
......Generic fsck Command Syntax, Options, and Arguments	690
40. File System Reference	695
...Default Directories for Root (/) and /usr File Systems	695
...The /kernel Directory	701
...The Structure of UFS File System Cylinder Groups	701
...Deciding on Custom File System Parameters	706
...Commands for Creating a Customized File System	711
......The newfs Command Syntax, Options, and Arguments	711
......The Generic mkfs Command	713
Part 9 --Backing Up and Restoring Data
41. Overview of Backing Up and Restoring File Systems	717
...Definition: Backing Up and Restoring File Systems	718
...Why You Should Back Up File Systems	719
...Choosing a Tape Device	719
...Planning Which File Systems to Back Up	720
...Overview of the Backup and Restore Commands	722
...Choosing the Type of Backup	723
...Guidelines For Scheduling Backups	723
......What Drives a Backup Schedule	723

......How Often Should You Backup?	724
......Using Dump Levels to Create Incremental Backups	724
...Sample Backup Schedules	726
......Other Backup Scheduling Recommendations	732
42. Backing Up Files and File Systems	733
...Preparing to Do Backups	734
......· How to Find File System Names	735
......· How to Determine the Number of Tapes for Full Backup	736
...Doing Backups	737
......· How to Do Backups on Cartridge Tape	738
...Troubleshooting	752
43. Restoring Files and File Systems	753
...Preparing to Restore Files and File Systems	754
......Determining the Disk Device Name	754
......Determining the Type of Tape Drive You Will Use	754
......Determining the Tape Device Name	754
...Restoring Complete File Systems	755
...Restoring Individual Files and Directories	755
...Using a Remote Drive to Restore Files	755
...Troubleshooting	756
......Make Sure the Backup and Restore Commands Match	756
......Check to Make Sure You Have the Right Current Directory	756
......Use the Old restore Command to Restore Multivolume
........Diskette Backups	756

...Restoring File Systems	757
......· How to Determine Which Tapes to Use	757
......· How to Restore Files Interactively	759
......· How to Restore Specific Files	763
......· How to Use a Remote Drive to Restore Files	766
......· How to Restore a Complete File System	766
......· How to Restore the root (/) and /usr File Systems	770
44. Reference Information on ufsdump and ufsrestore	773
...How ufsdump Works	773
......Determining Device Characteristics	773
......Detecting the End of Media	774
......Copying Data	774
......The Role of /etc/dumpdates	774
......Backup Device (dump-file) Argument	775
......Specifying Files to Back Up	777
......End-of-Media Detection	778
......Specifying Tape Characteristics	779
......Limitations of the ufsdump Command	779
...Options and Arguments for the ufsdump Command	780
......Default Command Options	780
......Options for the ufsdump Command	781
...The ufsdump Command and Security Issues	783
...Options and Arguments for the ufsrestore Command	783
......Command Syntax	783

......Options and Arguments	784
......Commands for Interactive Restore	786
45. Copying UFS Files and File Systems	789
...Commands for Copying File Systems	790
...Copying File Systems to Disk	791
......Making a Literal File System Copy	791
......· How to Clone a Disk (dd)	792
...Copying Directories Between File Systems using the cpio
......Command	795
......· How to Copy Directories Between File Systems (cpio)	795
...Copying Files and File Systems to Tape	797
...Copying Files to Tape With pax	797
......· How to Copy Files to a Tape (pax)	797
...Copying Files to Tape With tar	799
......ape With tar
........to Tape With tar	799
......· How to Copy Files to a Tape (tar)	799
......· How to List the Files on a Tape (tar)	800
......· How to Retrieve Files From a Tape (tar)	801
......· How to Copy All Files in a Directory to a Tape (cpio)	803
......· How to List the Files on a Tape (cpio)	804
......· How to Retrieve All Files From a Tape (cpio)	805
......· How to Retrieve Specific Files From a Tape (cpio)	807
......· How to Copy Files to a Remote Tap
........(tar and dd)	808

......· How to Extract Files From a Remote Tape Drive	809
...Copying Files and File Systems to Diskette	810
......Things You Should Know When Copying Files to Diskettes	811
......· How to Copy Files to a Single Formatted Diskette (tar)	811
......· How to List the Files on a Diskette (tar)	812
......· How to Retrieve Files From a Diskette (tar)	813
......· How to Archive Files to Multiple Diskettes	814
...Copying Files with a Different Header Format	814
......· How to Create an Archive for Older SunOS Releases .	815
......Retrieving Files Created With the bar Command	816
......· How to Retrieve bar Files From a Diskette	816
46. Managing Tape Drives	817
...Choosing Which Media to Use	818
...Backup Device Names	819
......Specifying the Default Density for a Tape Drive	823
......Specifying Different Densities for a Tape Drive	823
...Determining Tape Drive Types	824
......· How to Determine the Type of a Tape Drive	824
......· How to Show the Status of a Magnetic Tape Drive	825
...Handling Magnetic Tape Cartridges	826
......· How to Retension a Magnetic Tape Cartridge	826
......· How to Rewind a Magnetic Tape Cartridge	826
...Guidelines for Drive Maintenance and Media Handling	828