OpenBoot

^(TM) 2.x

Quick Reference

Sun Microsystems Computer Corporation

A Sun Microsystems, Inc. Business 2550 Garcia Avenue

Mountain View, CA 94043 U.S.A. 415 960-1300 FAX 415 969-9131

Part No: 802-1958-10 Revision A, November1995

Commands are entered at the ok prompt and are executed left-to-right after a carriage-return. All commands must be separated by one or more spaces.

Help Commands

help	List main help categories.
help category	Show help for all commands in the category. Use only the first word of the category description.
help command	Show help for individual command (where available).

Restricted Monitor Commands

b [specifiers]	Boot the operating system (same as boot at ok prompt).
c	Resume the execution of a halted program (same as go at ok prompt).
n	Enter the Forth Monitor.

Examining and Creating Device Aliases

devalias	Display all current device aliases.
devalias alias	Display the device path name corresponding to alias.
devalias alias device-path	Define an alias representing the device path. If an alias with the same name already exists, the new value supersedes the old.

Device Tree Browsing Commands

.attributes	Display the names and values of the current node's properties.
cd device-path	Select the indicated device node, making it the current node.
cd node-name	Search for a node with the given name in the subtree below the current node, and select the first such node found.
cd ..	Select the device node that is the parent of the current node.
cd /	Select the root machine node.
device-end	De-select the current device node, leaving no node selected.
ls	Display the names of the current node's children.
pwd	Display the device path name that names the current node.
show-devs [device-path]	Display all the devices known to the system directly beneath a given level in the device hierarchy. (Used by itself, it shows the entire device tree.)
words	Display the names of the current node's methods.

boot [device-specifier] [filename] [options] [device-specifier] The name (full path name or alias) of a device. Examples: cdrom (CD-ROM drive) disk (hard disk) floppy (3-1/2" diskette drive) net (Ethernet) tape (SCSI tape) [filename]..The name of the program to be booted (for example, stand/diag). If specified, filename is relative to the root of the selected device and partition. If not, the boot program uses the value of the boot-file parameter. [options]...-a - Prompt interactively for the device and name of the boot file. -h - Halt after loading the program. (OS-specific options may differ from system to system .)

Diagnostic Test Commands

probe-scsi	Identify devices attached to the built-in SCSI bus.
probe-scsi-all [device-path]	Perform probe-scsi on all SCSI buses installed in the system below the specified node. (If device-path is absent, the root node is used.)
test device-specifier	Execute the specified device's self-test method. For example: test floppy - test the floppy drive, if installed test /memory - test number of megabytes specified in selftest-#megs; or test all of memory if diag-switch? is true test net - test the network connection
test-all [device-specifier]	Test all devices (that have a built-in self-test method) below the specified node. (If device-specifier is absent, the root node is used.)
watch-clock	Test the clock function.
watch-net	Monitor the network connection.

System Information Display Commands

banner	Display the power-on banner.
.version	Display the version and date of the boot PROM.

Emergency Keyboard Commands

Hold down keys during power-on sequence.
Stop	Bypass POST. This command does not depend on security-mode. (Note: some systems bypass POST as a default; in such cases, use Stop-D to start POST.)
Stop-A	Abort.
Stop-D	Enter diagnostic mode (set diag-switch? to true).
Stop-F	Enter Forth on TTYA instead of probing. Use fexit to continue with the initialization sequence. (Useful if hardware is broken.)
Stop-N	Reset NVRAM contents to default values.

boot [specifiers] -h	( -- )	Load file from specified source.
byte-load	( adr span -- )	Interpret a loaded FCode binary file. span is usually 1.
dl	( -- )	Load a Forth file over a serial line with TIP and interpret. Type: ~C cat filename ^-D
dlbin	( -- )	Load a binary file over a serial line with TIP. Type: ~C cat filename
dload filename	( adr -- )	Load specified file over Ethernet at given address.
go	( -- )	Begin executing a previously-loaded binary program, or resume executing an interrupted program.
init-program	( -- )	Initialize to execute a binary file.
load [specifiers]	( -- )	Load data from specified device into memory at the address given by load-base. (See boot format.)
load-base	( -- adr )	Address at which load places the data it reads from a device.

SPARC Register Commands

%f0 through %f31	( -- value )	Return the value in the given floating point register.
%fsr	( -- value )	Return the value in the given floating point register.
%g0 through %g7	( -- value )	Return the value in the given register.
%i0 through %i7	( -- value )	Return the value in the given register.
%L0 through %L7	( -- value )	Return the value in the given register.
%o0 through %o7	( -- value )	Return the value in the given register.
%pc %npc %psr	( -- value )	Return the value in the given register.
%y %wim %tbr	( -- value )	Return the value in the given register.
.fregisters	( -- )	Display values in %f0 through %f31.
.locals	( -- )	Display the values in the i, L and o registers.
.psr	( -- )	Formatted display of the %psr data.
.registers	( -- )	Display values in %g0 through %g7, plus %pc, %npc, %psr, %y, %wim, %tbr.
.window	( window# -- )	Display the desired window.
ctrace	( -- )	Display the return stack showing C subroutines.
set-pc	( value -- )	Set %pc to the given value, and set %npc to (value+4).
to regname	( value -- )	Change the value stored in any of the above registers. Use in the form: value to regname.
w	( window# -- )	Set the current window for displaying %ix %Lx or %ox.

+bp	( adr -- )	Add a breakpoint at the given address.
-bp	( adr -- )	Remove the breakpoint at the given address.
--bp	( -- )	Remove the most-recently-set breakpoint.
.bp	( -- )	Display all currently set breakpoints.
.breakpoint	( -- )	Perform a specified action when a breakpoint occurs (Example, ['] .registers is .breakpoint).
.instruction	( -- )	Display the address, opcode for the last-encountered breakpoint.
.step	( -- )	Perform a specified action when a single step occurs (see .breakpoint).
bpoff	( -- )	Remove all breakpoints.
finish-loop	( -- )	Execute until the end of this loop.
go	( -- )	Continue from a breakpoint. This can be used to go to an arbitrary address by setting up the processor's program counter before issuing go.
gos	( n -- )	Execute go n times.
hop	( -- )	(Like the step command.) Treats a subroutine call as a single instruction.
hops	( n -- )	Execute hop n times.
return	( -- )	Execute until the end of this subroutine.
returnL	( -- )	Execute until the end of this leaf subroutine.
skip	( -- )	Skip (do not execute) the current instruction.
step	( -- )	Single-step one instruction.
steps	( n -- )	Execute step n times.
till	( adr -- )	Execute until the given address is encountered. Equivalent to +bp go.

Disassembler Commands

+dis	( -- )	Continue disassembling where the last disassembly left off.
dis	( adr -- )	Begin disassembling at the given address.

Miscellaneous Operations

eject-floppy	( -- )	Eject the diskette from the drive.
firmware-version	(-- n)	Return major/minor CPU firmware version (that is, 0x00020001 = firmware version 2.1).
ftrace	( -- )	Show calling sequence when exception occurred.
get-msecs	( -- ms )	Return the approximate current time in milliseconds.
ms	( n -- )	Delay for n milliseconds. Resolution is 1 millisecond.
reset	( -- )	Reset the entire system (similar to a power cycle).
sync	( -- )	Call the operating system to write any pending information to the hard disk. Also boot after sync-ing file systems.

auto-boot?	true	If true, boot automatically after power-on or reset.
boot-device	disk	Device from which to boot.
boot-file	empty string	File to boot (an empty string lets secondary booter choose default).
boot-from	vmunix	Boot device and file (1.x only).
boot-from-diag	le()vmunix	Diagnostic boot device and file (1.x only).
diag-device	net	Diagnostic boot source device.
diag-file	empty string	File from which to boot in diagnostic mode.
diag-switch?	false	If true, run in diagnostic mode.
fcode-debug?	false	If true, include name fields for plug-in device FCodes.
hardware-revision	no default	System version information.
input-device	keyboard	Power-on input device (usually keyboard, ttya, or ttyb).
keyboard-click?	false	If true, enable keyboard click.
keymap	no default	Keymap for custom keyboard.
last-hardware-update	no default	System update information.
local-mac-address?	false	If true, network drivers use their own MAC address, not system's.
mfg-switch?	false	If true, repeat system self-tests until interrupted with Stop-A.
nvramrc	empty	Contents of NVRAMRC.
oem-banner	empty string	Custom OEM banner (enabled by oem-banner? true).
oem-banner?	false	If true, use custom OEM banner.
oem-logo	no default	Byte array custom OEM logo (enabled by oem-logo? true). Displayed in hex.
oem-logo?	false	If true, use custom OEM logo (else, use Sun logo).
output-device	screen	Power-on output device (usually screen, ttya, or ttyb).
sbus-probe-list	0123	Which SBus slots are probed and in what order.
screen-#columns	80	Number of on-screen columns (characters/line).
screen-#rows	34	Number of on-screen rows (lines).
scsi-initiator-id	7	SCSI bus address of host adapter, range 0-7.
sd-targets	31204567	Map SCSI disk units (1.x only).
security-#badlogins	no default	Number of incorrect security password attempts.
security-mode	none	Firmware security level (none, command, or full).
security-password	no default	Firmware security password (never displayed). Do not set this directly .

skip-vme-loopback?false     If true, POST does not do VMEbus
                            loopback tests.

st-targets	45670123 Map SCSI tape units (1.x only).
sunmon-compat?If true, display Restricted Monitor prompt (>).	false
testareaOne-byte scratch field for NVRAM testing.	0
tpe-link-test?Enable link test for built-in 10baseT Ethernet.	true
ttya-modeTTYA (baud, #bits, parity, #stop, handshake).	9600,8,n,1,-
ttyb-modeTTYB (baud, #bits, parity, #stop, handshake).	9600,8,n,1-
ttya-ignore-cd	true...If true, OS ignores TTYA carrier-detect.
ttyb-ignore-cd	true...If true, OS ignores TTYB carrier-detect.

ttya-rts-dtr-off...false

If true, OS does not assert DTR and

RTS on TTYA.

ttyb-rts-dtr-off...false

If true, OS does not assert DTR and

RTS on TTYB.

use-nvramrc?..false

If true, execute commands in

NVRAMRC during system start-up.

version2?....true

If true, hybrid (1.x/2.x) PROM comes up in version 2.x.

watchdog-reboot? false

If true, reboot after watchdog reset.

Viewing and Changing Configuration Parameters

printenv	Display all current parameters and current default values (numbers are usually shown as decimal values). printenv parameter shows the current value of the named parameter.
setenv parameter value	Set the parameter to the given decimal or text value. (Changes are permanent, but usually only take effect after a reset).
set-default parameter	Reset the value of the named parameter to the factory default.
set-defaults	Reset parameter values to the factory defaults.

nvalias alias device-path	Store the command "devalias alias device-path" in NVRAMRC. (The alias persists until the nvunalias or set-defaults commands are executed.)
nvedit	Enter the NVRAMRC editor. If data remains in the temporary buffer from a previous nvedit session, resume editing those previous contents. If not, read the contents of NVRAMRC into the temporary buffer and begin editing it.
nvquit	Discard the contents of the temporary buffer, without writing it to NVRAMRC. Prompt for confirmation.
nvrecover	Recover the contents of NVRAMRC if they have been lost as a result of the execution of set-defaults; then enter the editor as with nvedit. nvrecover fails if nvedit is executed between the time that the NVRAMRC contents were lost and the time that nvrecover is executed.
nvrun	Execute the contents of the temporary buffer.
nvstore	Copy the contents of the temporary buffer to NVRAMRC; discard the contents of the temporary buffer.
nvunalias alias	Delete the corresponding alias from NVRAMRC.

Editor Commands (for Command Lines and NVRAMRC)

	Prev. Line	Beg. Line	Prev. Word	Prev. Char	Next Char	Next Word	End Line	Next Line
Move	^-P	^-A	!B	^-B	^-F	!F	^-E	^-N
Delete		^-U	^-W	Del	^-D	!D	^-K

Re-type line..^-R

Show all lines..^-L

Paste after ^-K ^-Y

Complete command ^-space

Show all matches^-/ or ^-? or ^-}

! = Press and release Escape key first; ^ = Press and hold Control key

Using the NVRAMRC Editor

ok nvedit
   :
(use editor commands)
   :
^-C                        (get back took prompt)
ok nvstore                 (save changes)
ok setenv use-nvramrc? true(enable NVRAMRC)

· Numeric I/O defaults to hexadecimal.

· Switch to decimal with decimal, switch to hexadecimal with hex.

· Use 10 .d to see which base is currently active.

A numeric stack is used for all numeric parameters. Typing any integer puts that value on top of the stack. (Previous values are "pushed" down.) The right-hand item in a set always indicates the topmost stack item.

· The command "." removes and displays the top stack value.

· The command .s non-destructively shows the entire stack contents.

A stack comment such as (n1 n2 -- n3) or (adr len --) or (--) listed after each command name shows the effect on the stack of executing that command. Items before the -- are used by the command and removed from the stack. These items mustbe present on the stack before the command can properly execute. Items afterthe -- are left on the stack after the command completes execution, and are available for use by subsequent commands.

|	Alternate stack results. Example: ( input -- adr len false | result true ).
?	Unknown stack items (changed from ???).
???	Unknown stack items.
acf	Code field address.
adr	Memory address (generally a virtual address).
adr16	Memory address, must be 16-bit aligned.
adr32	Memory address, must be 32-bit aligned.
adr64	Memory address, must be 64-bit aligned.
byte bxxx	8-bit value (smallest byte in a 32-bit word).
char	7-bit value (smallest byte), high bit unspecified.
cnt/len/size	Count or length.
flag xxx?	0 = false; any other value = true (usually -1).
long Lxxx	32-bit value.
n n1 n2 n3	Normal signed values (32-bit).
+n u	Unsigned, positive values (32-bit).
n[64] or (n.low n.hi)	Extended-precision (64-bit) numbers (2 stack items).
phys	Physical address (actual hardware address).
pstr	Packed string (adr len means unpacked string).
virt	Virtual address (address used by software).
word wxxx	16-bit value (smallest two bytes in a 32-bit word).

Changing the Number Base

decimal	( -- )	Set the number base to 10.
d# number	( -- n )	Interpret the next number in decimal; base is unchanged.
hex	( -- )	Set the number base to 16.
h# number	( -- n )	Interpret the next number in hex; base is unchanged.
.d	( n -- )	Display n in decimal without changing base.
.h	( n -- )	Display n in hex without changing base.

.	( n -- )	Display a number in the current base.
.s	( -- )	Display contents of data stack.
showstack	( -- )	Execute .s automatically before each ok prompt.

Stack Manipulation Commands

-rot	( n1 n2 n3 -- n3 n1 n2 )	Inversely rotate three stack items.
>r	( n -- )	Move a stack item to the return stack. (Use with caution.)
?dup	( n -- n n | 0 )	Duplicate the top stack item if non-zero.
2drop	( n1 n2 -- )	Remove two items from the stack.
2dup	( n1 n2 -- n1 n2 n1 n2 )	Duplicate two stack items.
2over	( n1 n2 n3 n4 -- n1 n2 n3 n4 n1 n2 )	Copy second two stack items.
2swap	( n1 n2 n3 n4 -- n3 n4 n1 n2 )	Exchange two pairs of stack items.
clear	( ??? -- )	Empty the stack.
depth	( ??? -- ??? +n )	Return the number of items on the stack.
drop	( n -- )	Remove the top item from the stack.
dup	( n -- n n )	Duplicate the top stack item.
nip	( n1 n2 -- n2 )	Discard the second stack item.
over	( n1 n2 -- n1 n2 n1 )	Copy the second stack item to the top of the stack.
pick	( ??? +n -- ??? n2 )	Copy +n-th stack item (1 pick = over).
r>	( -- n )	Move a return stack item to the stack. (Use with caution.)
r@	( -- n )	Copy the top of the return stack to the stack.
roll	( ??? +n -- ? )	Rotate +n stack items (2 roll = rot).
rot	( n1 n2 n3 -- n2 n3 n1 )	Rotate three stack items.
swap	( n1 n2 -- n2 n1 )	Exchange the top two stack items.
tuck	( n1 n2 -- n2 n1 n2 )	Copy the top stack item below the second item.

*	( n1 n2 -- n3 )	Multiply n1 * n2.
+	( n1 n2 -- n3 )	Add n1 + n2.
-	( n1 n2 -- n3 )	Subtract n1 - n2
/	( n1 n2 -- quot )	Divide n1 / n2; remainder is discarded.
<<	( n1 +n -- n2 )	Left-shift n1 by +n bits.
>>	( n1 +n -- n2 )	Right-shift n1 by +n bits.
>>a	( n1 +n -- n2 )	Arithmetic right-shift n1 by +n bits.
abs	( n -- u )	Absolute value.
and	( n1 n2 -- n3 )	Bitwise logical AND.
bounds	( startadr len -- endadr startadr )	Convert startadr len to endadr startadr for do loop.
bljoin	( b.low b2 b3 b.hi -- long )	Join four bytes to form a 32-bit longword.
bwjoin	( b.low b.hi -- word )	Join two bytes to form a 16-bit word.
lbsplit	( long -- b.low b2 b3 b.hi )	Split a 32-bit longword into four bytes.
lwsplit	( long -- w.low w.hi )	Split a 32-bit longword into two 16-bit words.
max	( n1 n2 -- n3 )	n3 is maximum of n1 and n2.
min	( n1 n2 -- n3 )	n3 is minimum of n1 and n2.
mod	( n1 n2 -- rem )	Remainder of n1 / n2.
negate	( n1 -- n2 )	Change the sign of n1.
not	( n1 -- n2 )	Bitwise ones complement.
or	( n1 n2 -- n3 )	Bitwise logical OR.
wbsplit	( word -- b.low b.hi )	Split 16-bit word into two bytes.
wljoin	( w.low w.hi -- long )	Join two words to form a longword.
xor	( n1 n2 -- n3 )	Bitwise exclusive OR.

Memory Access Commands

!	( n adr16 -- )	Store a 32-bit number at adr16, must be 16-bit aligned.
+!	( n adr16 -- )	Add n to the 32-bit number stored at adr16, must be 16-bit aligned.
@	( adr16 -- n )	Fetch a 32-bit number from adr16, must be 16-bit aligned.
c!	( n adr -- )	Store low byte of n at adr.
c@	( adr -- byte )	Fetch a byte from adr.
cpeek	( adr -- false | byte true )	Fetch the byte at adr. Return the data and true if the access was successful. Return false if a read access error occurred. (Also lpeek, wpeek.)

write access error occurred. (Also lpoke, wpoke.)

comp( adr1 adr2 len -- n )

Compare two byte arrays, n = 0 if arrays are identical, n = 1 if first byte that is different is greater in array#1, n = -1 otherwise.

dump( adr len -- )

Display len bytes of memory starting at adr.

fill	( adr size byte -- )..Set size bytes of memory to byte.
L!	( n adr32 -- )....Store a 32-bit number at adr32.
L@	( adr32 -- long )...Fetch a 32-bit number from adr32.

move( adr1 adr2 u -- )

Copy u bytes from adr1 to adr2, handle

overlap properly.

w! ( n adr16 -- )

Store a 16-bit number at adr16, must be 16-bit aligned.

w@ ( adr16 -- word )

Fetch a 16-bit number from adr16, must be 16-bit aligned.

Memory Mapping Commands

alloc-mem	( size -- virt )	Allocate and map size bytes of available memory; return the virtual address.Unmap with free-mem.
cacheable	( space -- cache-space )	Modify the address space so that the subsequent address mapping is made cacheable.
free-mem	( virt size -- )	Free memory allocated by alloc-mem.
free-virtual	( virt size -- )	Undo mappings created with memmap.
map?	( virt -- )	Display memory map information for the virtual address.
memmap	( phys space size -- virt )	Map a region of physical addresses; return the allocated virtual address. Unmap with free-virtual.
obio	( -- space )	Specify the device address space for mapping.
obmem	( -- space )	Specify the onboard memory address space for mapping.
pgmap!	( pmentry virt -- )	Store a new page map entry for the virtual address.
pgmap?	( virt -- )	Display the page map entry (decoded and in English) corresponding to the virtual address.
pgmap@	( virt -- pmentry )	Return the page map entry for the virtual address.
pagesize	( -- size )	Return the size of a page (often 4K).
sbus	( -- space )	Specify the SBus address space for mapping.

: name	( -- ) Usage: ( ??? -- ? )	Start creating a new colon definition.
;	( -- )	Finish creating a new colon definition.
buffer: name	( size -- ) Usage: ( -- adr64 )	Create a named array in temporary storage.
constant name	( n -- ) Usage: ( -- n )	Define a constant (for example, 3 constant bar).
create name	( -- ) Usage: ( -- adr16 )	Generic defining word.
defer name	( -- ) Usage: ( ??? -- ? )	Define forward reference or execution vector.
does>	( -- adr16 )	Start the run-time clause for defining words.
value name	( n -- ) Usage: ( -- n )	Create a changeable, named 32-bit quantity.
variable name	( -- ) Usage: ( -- adr16 )	Define a variable.

Dictionary Searching Commands

' name	( -- acf )	Find the named word in the dictionary. (Returns the code field address. Use outside definitions.)
['] name	( -- acf )	Similar to ' but is used either inside or outside definitions.
.calls	( acf -- )	Display a list of all words that call the word whose compilation address is acf.
$find	( adr len -- adr len false | acf n )	Find a word. n = 0 if not found, n = 1 if immediate, n = -1 otherwise.
see thisword	( -- )	Decompile the named command.
(see)	( acf -- )	Decompile the word indicated by the code field address.
sifting ccc	( -- )	Display names of all dictionary entries containing the sequence of characters. ccc contains no spaces.
words	( -- )	Display all visible words in the dictionary.

Dictionary Compilation Commands

,	( n -- )	Place a number in the dictionary.
c,	( byte -- )	Place a byte in the dictionary.
w,	( word -- )	Place a 16-bit number in the dictionary.
L,	( long -- )	Place a 32-bit number in the dictionary.

forget name         ( -- )        Remove word from dictionary
                                  and all subsequent words.

here.......( -- adr )..Address of top of dictionary.

is name......( n -- )

Install a new action in a defer word or value.

patch new-word...( -- )

Replace old-word with

old-wordword-to-patch......new-word in word-to-patch.

(patch.......( new-n

Replace old-n with new-n in

old-n acf -- ) word indicated by acf.

Controlling Text Input

( ccc )	( -- )	Begin a comment.
\ rest-of-line	( -- )	Skip the rest of the line.
ascii ccc	( -- char )	Get numerical value of first ASCII character of next word.
key	( -- char )	Read a character from the assigned input device's keyboard.
key?	( -- flag )	True if a key has been typed on the input device's keyboard.

Displaying Text Output

cr	( -- )	Terminate a line on the display and go to the next line.
emit	( char -- )	Display the character.
type	( adr +n -- )	Display n characters.

Manipulating Text Strings

" ccc"	( -- adr len )	Collect an input stream string, either interpreted or compiled. Within the string, use "(00,ff...) to include arbitrary byte values.
." ccc"	( -- )	Compile a string for later display.
bl	( -- char )	ASCII code for the space character; decimal 32.
count	( pstr -- adr +n )	Unpack a packed string.
p" ccc"	( -- pstr )	Collect a string from the input stream; store as a packed string.

Redirecting I/O

input	( device -- )	Select device (ttya, ttyb, keyboard, or " device-specifier") for subsequent input.
io	( device -- )	Select device for subsequent input and output.
output	( device -- )	Select device (ttya, ttyb, screen, or " device-specifier") for subsequent output.

<	( n1 n2 -- flag )	True if n1 < n2.
<=	( n1 n2 -- flag )	True if n1 <= n2.
<>	( n1 n2 -- flag )	True if n1 <> n2.
=	( n1 n2 -- flag )	True if n1 = n2.
>	( n1 n2 -- flag )	True if n1 > n2.
>=	( n1 n2 -- flag )	True if n1 >= n2.
between	( n min max -- flag )	True if min <= n <= max.
u<	( u1 u2 -- flag )	True if u1 < u2, unsigned.
u<=	( u1 u2 -- flag )	True if u1 <= u2, unsigned.
u>	( u1 u2 -- flag )	True if u1 > u2, unsigned.
u>=	( u1 u2 -- flag )	True if u1 >= u2, unsigned.
within	( n min max -- flag )	True if min <= n < max.

if-then-else Commands

else	( -- )	Execute the following code if if failed.
if	( flag -- )	Execute the following code if flag is true.
then	( -- )	Terminate if...then...else.

begin (Conditional) Loop Commands

again	( -- )	End a begin...again infinite loop.
begin	( -- )	Begin a begin...while...repeat, begin...until, or begin...again loop.
repeat	( -- )	End a begin...while...repeat loop.
until	( flag -- )	Continue executing a begin...until loop until flag is true.
while	( flag -- )	Continue executing a begin...while...repeat loop while flag is true.

do (Counted) Loop Commands

+loop	( n -- )	End a do...+loop construct; add n to loop index and return to do (if n < 0, index goes from start to end inclusive).
?do	( end start -- )	Begin ?do...loop to be executed 0 or more times. Index goes from start to end-1 inclusive. If end = start, loop is not executed.
do	( end start -- )	Begin a do...loop. Index goes from start to end-1 inclusive. Example: 10 0 do i . loop (prints 0 1 2...d e f).
i	( -- n )	Loop index.
j	( -- n )	Loop index for next enclosing loop.
leave	( -- )	Exit from do...loop.
loop	( -- )	End of do...loop.

( value )

case
2 of  ." it was two" endof
0 of  ." it was zero" endof
." it was " dup .  (optional default clause)
endcase

Cache Manipulation Commands

clear-cache	( -- )	Invalidate all cache entries.
cache-off	( -- )	Disable the cache.
cache-on	( -- )	Enable the cache.
flush-cache	( -- )	Write back any pending data from the cache.

Alternate Address Space Access Commands

spacec!	( byte adr asi -- )	Store the byte at asi and address.
spacec@	( adr asi -- byte )	Fetch the byte from asi and address.
spaced!	( n1 n2 adr asi -- )	Store the two 32-bit words at asi and address.Order is implementation-dependent.
spaced@	( adr asi -- n1 n2 )	Fetch the two 32-bit words from asi and address. Order is implementation-dependent.
spaceL!	( long adr asi -- )	Store the 32-bit word at asi and address.
spaceL@	( adr asi -- long )	Fetch the 32-bit word from asi and address.
spacew!	( word adr asi -- )	Store the 16-bit word at asi and address.
spacew@	( adr asi -- word )	Fetch the 16-bit word from asi and address.

Multiprocessor Commands

module-info	( -- )	Display type and speed of all CPU modules.
switch-cpu	( cpu# -- )	Switch to indicated CPU.

Program Execution Control Commands

abort	( -- )	Abort current execution and interpret keyboard commands.
abort" ccc"	( abort? -- )	If flag is true, abort and display message.
eval	( adr len -- )	Interpret Forth source from an array.
execute	( acf -- )	Execute the word whose code field address is on the stack.
exit	( -- )	Return from the current word. (Cannot be used in counted loops.)
quit	( -- )	Same as abort, but leave stack intact.

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