............................Contents


Preface	xix
1. A Look at Some Standardization Organizations	1
...Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and POSIX	1
...X/Open	2
...National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)	3
...International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the
......International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)	3
...The X Consortium	3
...UniForum	4
...American National Standards Institute (ANSI)	4
...The Open Software Foundation	5
2. UNIX System V Release
...4-Based (SVR4) Specifications	7
...UNIX System V Release 4	7
...Application Binary Interface	8
......SunOS Compliance With the ABI Specification	8


......ABI Specifications and Related Publications	9
...System V Interface Definition (SVID)	9
......SunOS Compliance With SVID3	10
......SVID Specification	10
...Device Driver Interface/Driver-Kernel Interface (DDI/DKI) .	10
......SunOS Compliance with the Specification	11
......DDI/DKI and DKI Specifications and Related Publications	11
...Data Link Provider Interface (DLPI)	11
......SunOS Compliance With DLPI	12
......DLPI Specification	12
...Transport Provider Interface	12
......SunOS Compliance with TPI	12
3. X11, PostScript and Sun Microsystems' OpenWindows	13
...OPEN LOOK	13
......Solaris Compliance With OPEN LOOK	15
......OPEN LOOK Specification and Related References	16
......Licensing the OPEN LOOK Trademark	16
...X Window System, Version 11 (X11)	17
...PostScript Language	18
......Solaris Compliance With X11	18
......Solaris Compliance with PostScript	19
......X11 Specification and Related Publications	19
4. Common Desktop Environment	21
...Common Desktop Environment	21


......Developers, End Users, and CDE	22
...Standardizing the Common Desktop Environment	22
......Open Software Foundation/Motif	22
......CDE and Motif	23
......Solaris Compliance With OSF/Motif	24
......The X Window System	25
......CDE Compliance with X11	26
......Solaris Compliance with PostScript	26
...Future Standardization	27
......X/Open CDE Specification	27
......X/Open Calendaring and Scheduling API	28
5. X/Open and XPG3	29
......The X/Open Portability Guide, Issue 3	29
......The X/Open Brand Trademark	30
...X/Open Conformance Statement for Solaris	32
...X/Open Conformance Statement	32
...X/Open Specification and Related Publications	63
6. X/Open and XPG4	65
......The X/Open Portability Guide, Issue 4	65
......The X/Open Brand Trademark	65
...The X/Open Conformance Statement for Solaris	67
...X/Open Conformance Statement	67
7. X/Open Interim UNIX Branding	105
...X/Open Conformance Statement for SPARC	105


...X/Open Conformance Statement	105
...X/Open Conformance Statement for x86	106
...X/Open Conformance Statement	106
8. POSIX.1	109
...Portable Operating System Interface for Computer Environments
......(POSIX.1)	109
......Amending POSIX.1: The IEEE Standards 1003.1b and 1003.1c
..................................................109
...Scope	110
...C Standard Compliance	110
...Audience	110
...Notation Used in the Remainder of this Chapter	111
...Implementation-Defined Areas of POSIX.1	111
...POSIX.1 Section 1: General	111
......1.3.1 Implementation Conformance	111
...POSIX.1 Section 2, Terminology and General Requirements	112
......2.2.2 General Terms	112
......2.3 General Concepts	113
......2.4 Error Numbers	114
......2.5 Primitive System Data Types	115
......2.6 Environment Description	116
......2.7 C Language Definitions	116
......2.8 Numerical Limits	116
......2.9 Symbolic Constants	118
...POSIX.1 Section 3, Process Primitives	120


......3.1.1.2 Process Creation: Description	120
......3.1.1.4 Errors	120
......3.1.2.2 Execute a File: Description	120
......3.1.2.4 Execute a File: Errors	121
......3.2.1.2 Wait for Process Termination: Description	122
......3.2.2.2 Terminate a Process: Description	122
......3.3.1.1 Signal Names	123
......3.3.1.2 Signal Generation and Delivery	123
......3.3.1.3 Signal Actions	124
......3.3.2.2 Send a Signal to a Process: Description	125
......3.3.3.4 Manipulate Signal Sets: Errors	125
......3.3.4.2 Examine and Change Signal Action: Description	126
......3.3.6.4 Examine Pending Signals: Errors	126
......3.3.8.2 Synchronously Accept a Signal: Description	126
...POSIX.1 Section 4, Process Environment	126
......4.2.4.4 Get User Name: Errors	126
......4.4.1.2 Get System Name: Description	127
......4.5.1.4 Get System Time: Errors	127
......4.6.1.4 Environment Variables: Errors	127
......4.7.1.4 Generate Terminal Pathname: Errors	127
......4.7.2.4 Determine Terminal Device Name: Errors	128
...POSIX.1 Section 5, Files and Directories	128
......5.1.1 Format of Directory Entries	128
......5.1.2.4 Directory Operations: Errors	128


......5.2.2.4 Get Working Directory Pathname: Errors	129
......5.3.1.2 Open a File: Description	129
......5.3.3.2 Set File Creation Mask: Description	130
......5.3.4.2 Link to a File: Description	130
......5.4.1.2 Make a Directory: Description	130
......5.4.2.2 Make a FIFO Special File: Description	131
......5.5.1.2 Remove Directory Entries: Description	131
......5.5.1.4 Remove Directory Entries: Errors	131
......5.5.2.2 Remove a Directory: Description	131
......5.5.2.4 Remove a Directory: Errors	132
......5.5.3.2 Rename a File: Description	132
......5.5.3.4 Rename a File: Errors	132
......5.6.1.2 File Characteristics: File Modes	133
......5.6.2.2 Get File Status: Description	133
......5.6.3.4 Check File Accessibility: Errors	133
......5.6.4.2 Change File Modes: Description	133
......5.6.5.2 Change Owner and Group of a File: Description	134
......5.6.5.4 Change Owner and Group of a File: Errors	134
......5.7.1.4 Get Configurable Pathname Variables: Errors	134
...POSIX.1 Section 6, Input and Output Primitives	135
......6.3.1.2 Close a File: Description	135
......6.4.1.2 Read from a File: Description	136
......6.4.2.2 Write to a File: Description	136
......6.5.2.2 File Control: Description	136


......6.5.3.2 Reposition Read/Write File Offset: Description	137
......6.6 File Synchronization	137
......6.6.1.2 Synchronize a File's State: Description	137
......6.7.1.1 Data Definitions for Asynchronous Input and Output:
........Asynchronous I/O Control Block	137
......6.7.7.2 Cancel Asynchronous I/O Request: Description	138
...POSIX.1 Section 7, Device- and Class-Specific Functions	138
......7.1 General Terminal Interface	138
......7.1.1.3 The Controlling Terminal	138
......7.1.1.5 Input Processing and Reading Data	139
......7.1.1.6 Canonical Mode Input Processing	139
......7.1.1.7 Noncanonical Mode Input Processing	139
......7.1.1.8 Writing Data and Output Processing	140
......7.1.1.9 Special Characters	140
......7.1.2.2 Input Modes	141
......7.1.2.3 Output Modes	141
......7.1.2.4 Control Modes	142
......7.1.2.5 Local Modes	142
......7.1.2.6 Special Control Characters	143
......7.1.3.4 Baud Rate Functions: Errors	143
......7.2.1.2 Get and Set State: Description	144
......7.2.2.2 Line Control Functions: Description	144
...POSIX.1 Section 8, Language-Specific Services for the C
......Programming Language	144


......8.1.1 Referenced C Language Routines, Extensions to Time
........Functions	144
......8.1.2.2 Extensions to setlocale(): Description	145
......8.2.2.4 Open a Stream on a File Descriptor: Errors	145
......8.2.3 Interactions of Other File-Type C Functions	145
......8.2.7.4 Stdio with Explicit Client Locking: Errors	146
......8.3.2.2 Set Time Zones: Description	146
......8.3.4.4 Find String Token: Errors	146
......8.3.5.4 ASCII Time Representation: Errors	146
......8.3.6.4 Current Time Representation: Errors	147
......8.3.7.4 Coordinated Universal Time: Errors	147
......8.3.8.4 Local Time: Errors	147
...POSIX.1 Section 9, System Databases	147
......9.1 System Databases	147
......9.2.1.4 Group Database Access: Errors	147
......9.2.2.4 User Database Access: Errors	148
...POSIX.1 Section 10, Data Interchange Format	148
......10.1 Archive/Interchange File Format	148
......10.1.1 Extended `tar` Format	148
......10.1.2.1 Header	149
......10.1.2.2 File Name	149
......10.1.3 Multiple Volumes	149
...POSIX.1 Section 11, Synchronization	150
......11.2.3.2 Initialize/Open a Named Semaphore: Description	150


......11.3.1.2 Mutex Initialization Attributes: Description	150
......11.4.1.2 Condition Variable Initialization Attributes:
........Description	150
...POSIX.1 Section 12, Memory Management	150
......12.1.1.2 Lock/Unlock a Process's Address Space: Description
..................................................151
......12.1.1.4 Lock/Unlock a Process's Address Space: Errors	151
......12.1.2.4 Lock/Unlock a Range of Process Address Space: Errors
..................................................151
......12.2.1.2 Map Process Addresses to a Memory Object:
........Description	151
......12.3.1.2 Open a Shared Memory Object: Description	152
......12.4.1.1.1 Process Memory Locking: Models	152
...POSIX.1 Section 13, Execution Scheduling	152
......13.2 Scheduling Policies	152
......13.2.3 Scheduling Policies: SCHED_OTHER	152
......13.3.1.2 Set Scheduling Parameters: Description	153
......13.3.3.2 Set Scheduling Policy and Scheduling Parameters:
........Description	153
......13.4.1 Thread Scheduling Attributes	154
......13.4.2 Scheduling Contention Scope	154
......13.4.3 Scheduling Allocation Domain	155
......13.5.2.2 Dynamic Thread Scheduling Parameters Access:
........Description	156
...POSIX.1 Section 14, Clocks and Timers	156
......14.2.1.2 Clock and Timer Functions: Description	156


......14.2.2.2 Create a Per-Process Timer: Description	157
......14.2.4.2 Per-Process Timers: Description	157
...POSIX.1 Section 15, Message Passing	157
......15.1.1. Data Definitions for Message Queues: Data Structures
..................................................157
......15.2.1.2 Open a Message Queue: Description	158
9. POSIX.2	159
...Portable Operating System Interface -Part 2: Shell and Utilities
......(POSIX.2)	159
...Scope	159
...Audience	160
...Notation Used in the Remainder of this Chapter	160
...Implementation-defined Areas of POSIX.2	161
...POSIX.2 Section 1, General	161
......1.3.1 Implementation Conformance	161
...POSIX.2 Section 2, Terminology and General Requirements	162
......2.2.2 General Terms	162
......2.4 Character Set	164
......2.4.1 Character Set Description File	164
......2.5 Locale	164
......2.5.2: Locale Definition	165
......2.5.2.1 LC_CTYPE	165
......2.5.2.5 LC_TIME	165
......2.5.3 Locale Definition Grammar	166
......2.6 Environment Variables	166


......2.9.1.5 File Removal	167
......2.11.5.2 Input Files	167
......2.14 Terminal Characteristics	168
...POSIX.2 Section 3, Shell Command Language	169
......3.5.3 Variables	169
......3.7 Redirection	169
...POSIX.2 section 4, Execution Environment Utilities	169
......4.1.7.3 Variables and Special Variables	169
......4.1.7.6.2.3 Input/Output and General Functions	170
......4.1.7.8 awk Lexical Conventions	170
......4.2.2 `basename` - Return Nondirectory Portion of Pathname:
........Description	170
......4.5.2 cd - Change Working Directory: Description	170
......4.5.4 Operands	170
......4.7.2 chmod - Change File Modes: Description	171
......4.7.7 chmod - Extended Description	171
......4.13.2 cp - Copy Files: Description	172
......4.13.3 Options	173
......4.18.2 dirname - Return Directory Portion of Pathname:
........Description	173
......4.19.4 Operands	173
......4.20.7.3.14 List Command	174
......4.24.4 Operands	174
......4.30.2 id - Return User Identity: Description	174
......4.33.2 ln - Link Files: Description	175


......4.33.4 Operands	175
......4.34.3 Options	175
......4.34.4 Operands	175
......4.35.2 localedef - Define Locale Environment: Description	175
......4.36.2 logger - Log Messages: Description	176
......4.39.3 Options	176
......4.39.5.3 Environment Variables	176
......4.39.6.1 Standard Output	177
......4.40.6.3 Output Files	177
......4.40.7.1 mailx Internal Variables	178
......4.40.7.3 mailx Command Escapes	178
......4.43.2 mv - Move Files: Description	178
......4.45.7 Extended Description	178
......4.48.2 pax - Portable Archive Interchange: Description	180
......4.48.3 Options	180
......4.48.5.2 Input Files	181
......4.48.6.1 Standard Output	181
......4.48.6.3 Output Files	181
......4.55.7.3 `sed` Editing Commands	181
......4.56.5.3 Environment Variables	182
......4.59.2 `stty` - Set the Options for a Terminal: Description	182
......4.59.4.4 Local Modes	183
......4.59.4.6 Combination Modes	183
......4.62.4 Operands	183


......4.63.3 Options	184
......4.64.7 Extended Description	184
......4.68.2 uname - Return System Name: Description	184
......4.68.6.1 Standard Output	185
...POSIX.2 Section 5, User Portability Utilities Option	185
......5.2.2 Execute Commands at a Later Time: Description	185
......5.2.3 Options	185
......5.2.4 Operands	186
......5.5.2 crontab - Schedule Periodic Background Work:
........Description	186
......5.7.4 Extended Description	186
......5.7.7 Operands	186
......5.8.6.1 Standard Output	187
......5.10.7.2.5 chdir	187
......5.10.7.2.13 list	187
......5.10.7.2.14 map	188
......5.10.7.2.21 print	188
......5.10.7.2.29 source	188
......5.10.7.2.37 write	188
......5.10.7.5.8 list	188
......5.10.7.5.12 paragraphs`,` para	189
......5.10.7.5.18 sections	189
......5.10.7.5.24 tags	189
......5.10.7.5.28 window	189


......5.12.2 fc - Process Command History List: Description	189
......5.12.5.3 Environment Variables	190
......5.14.2 file - Determine File Type: Description	190
......5.16.2 man - Display System Documentation: Description	191
......5.16.6.1 Standard Output	191
......5.17.2 mesg - Permit or Deny Messages: Description	191
......5.18.3 Options	191
......5.18.7 Extended Description	191
......5.18.7.1 Help	192
......5.18.7.24 Invoke Editor	192
......5.19.2 newgrp - Change to a New Group: Description	192
......5.20.2 nice - Invoke a Utility with an Altered System
........Scheduling Priority: Description	193
......5.20.3 Options	193
......5.21.5.2 Input Files	193
......5.21.6.1 Standard Output	194
......5.23.2 ps - Report Process Status: Description	194
......5.23.3 Options	195
......5.23.61 Standard Output	195
......5.24.2 renice - Set System Scheduling Priorities of Running
........Processes: Description	196
......5.24.3 Options	197
......5.26.2 strings - Find Printable Strings in Files: Description	197
......5.26.3 Options	197
......5.28.2 talk - Talk to Another User: Description	197


......5.30.4 Operands	198
......5.36.2 who - Display Who is on the System: Description.	198
......5.36.6.1 Standard Output	198
......5.37.2 write - Write to Another User: Description	199
...POSIX.2 Section 6, Software Development Utilities Option	199
......6.2.7.1 Makefile Syntax	199
......6.2.7.2 Makefile Execution	200
......6.2.7.3 Target Rules	200
......6.2.7.4 Macros	200
...POSIX.2 Annex A: C Language Development Utilities Option	201
......A.1.3 Options	201
......A.1.4 Operands	201
......A.1.5.2 Input Files	202
......A.1.7.2 External Symbols	202
......A.2.6.1 Standard Output	203
......A.2.6.2 Standard Error	203
......A.2.7 Extended Description	206
......A.2.7.1 lex Definitions	206
......A.2.7.4 lex Regular Expressions	207
......A.3.6.3.3 yacc Description File	207
......A.3.7.9 Limits	207
10. Other Standards	209
...ANSI C Programming Language	209
......Compliance With the ANSI C Standard	210


......ANSI C Specification and Related Publications	210
...ANSI/IEEE 754	210
......Compliance With ANSI/IEEE 754	210
......ANSI/IEEE 754-1985 Specification and Related Publications	211
...International Standards Organization (ISO) 8859-1	211
......Compliance With ISO 8859-1	211
......ISO 8859 Standard	211
...Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 151	212
......Compliance With FIPS 151	212
......FIPS 151 Specification	212
...Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 158	212
......Compliance With FIPS 158	213
......FIPS 158 Specification and Related Publications	213
...The Application Binary Interface (ABI)	213
......Compliance With the ABI	214
......ABI Publication	214
...SPARC Compliance Definition (SCD)	214
......Compliance With the SCD	214
......SPARC Compliance Definition Specification	214