............................Contents


Preface	xvii
1. Tracing Program Execution With the TNF Utilities	1
...Defining Types of Users	2
......Using Existing Probe Points	2
...... Debugging a Program	2
......Inserting Probe Points in a Library	2
......Tracing Kernel Execution	2
...How TNF Works	3
......Inserting Probe Points	4
......Starting prex	4
......Running prex	7
......Reading the Trace File	22
...Kernel Tracing	24
...... Controlling Kernel Tracing (`prex`)	25
...... Extracting Kernel Trace Data (`tnfxtract`)	29


...... Examining Kernel Trace Data (`tnfdump`)	30
...... Available Kernel Probes (`tnf_probes`)	30
......Thread Probes	31
...... Shell Script for Kernel Tracing	35
...Advanced Topics	39
......Inserting Probe Points	39
......Defining User Types for Probe Points	44
......Performance Issues	48
......`/proc`	48
......`dlopen()` and `dlclose()` and History	49
......Signals	49
......Failure of Event-Writing Operations	49
......Target Executing a `fork()` or `exec()`	49
2. `lex`-Lexical Analysis	51
...Generating a Lexical Analyzer Program	52
...Writing lex Source	54
......The Fundamentals of lex Rules	54
...... Advanced `lex` Features	61
...C++ Mangled Symbols	72
...Using lex and yacc Together	73
...Automaton	77
...Summary of Source Format	77
3. yacc -- A Compiler Compiler	81
...Basic Specifications	84


......Actions	87
......Lexical Analysis	91
...Parser Operation	93
...Ambiguity and Conflicts	99
...Precedence	104
...Error Handling	109
...The yacc Environment	112
...Hints for Preparing Specifications	114
......Input Style	114
......Left Recursion	114
...C++ Mangled Symbols	116
......Lexical Tie-Ins	116
......Reserved Words	117
...Advanced Topics	117
......Simulating error and accept in Actions	117
......Accessing Values in Enclosing Rules	118
......Support for Arbitrary Value Types	119
......yacc Input Syntax	121
...Examples	125
......A Simple Example	125
......An Advanced Example	130
4. make Utility	143
...Dependency Checking: make vs. Shell Scripts	144
......Writing a Simple Makefile	145


......Basic Use of Implicit Rules	147
......Processing Dependencies	148
......Null Rules	152
......Special Targets	152
......Unknown Targets	152
......Duplicate Targets	153
......Reserved make Words	153
......Running Commands Silently	154
......Automatic Retrieval of SCCS Files	155
......Passing Parameters: Simple make Macros	157
.......KEEP_STATE and Command Dependency Checking	158
.......KEEP_STATE and Hidden Dependencies	159
......Displaying Information About a make Run	161
...Using make to Compile Programs	164
......A Simple Makefile	164
......Using make's Predefined Macros	165
......Using Implicit Rules to Simplify a Makefile: Suffix Rules .	166
......When to Use Explicit Target Entries vs. Implicit Rules	168
......Implicit Rules and Dynamic Macros	168
......Adding Suffix Rules	171
......Pattern-Matching Rules:An Alternative to Suffix Rules	173
...Building Object Libraries	180
......Libraries, Members, and Symbols	180
......Library Members and Dependency Checking	181


...Using make to Maintain Libraries and Programs	182
......More about Macros	182
......Linking with System-Supplied Libraries	185
......Compiling Programs for Debugging and Profiling	186
......Compiling Debugging and Profiling Variants	188
......Maintaining Separate Program and Library Variants	189
......Maintaining a Directory of Header Files	194
......Compiling and Linking with Your Own Libraries	194
......Nested make Commands	195
......Passing Parameters to Nested make Commands	197
......Compiling Other Source Files	200
......Maintaining Shell Scripts with make and SCCS	202
......Running Tests with make	203
...Maintaining Software Projects	206
......Organizing a Project for Ease of Maintenance	207
......Building the Entire Project	209
......Maintaining Directory Hierarchies with the Recursive
........Makefiles	211
......Maintaining Recursive Targets	212
......Maintaining a Large Library as a Hierarchy of Subsidiaries	213
......Reporting Hidden Dependencies to make	215
...make Enhancements Summary	216
......Default Makefile	216
......The State File .make.state	216


......Hidden-Dependency Checking	216
......Command-Dependency Checking	216
......Automatic Retrieval of SCCS Files	217
......Pattern-Matching Rules	217
......Pattern-Replacement Macro References	218
......New Options	220
......Support for C++ and Modula-2	220
......Naming Scheme for Predefined Macros	220
......New Special-Purpose Targets	221
......New Implicit lint Rule	221
......Macro Processing Changes	221
......Improved ar Library Support	223
......Target Groups	224
...Incompatibilities with Previous Versions	224
......The -d Option	224
......Dynamic Macros	224
......Tilde Rules	225
......Target Names	225
5. SCCS Source Code Control System	227
......The sccs Command	228
......The sccs create Command	228
......Basic sccs Subcommands	229
......Deltas and Versions	229
...sccs Subcommands	231


......Checking Files In and Out	231
......Incorporating Version-Dependent Information by Using ID
........Keywords	235
......Making Inquiries	236
......Deleting Committed Changes	240
...Version Control for Binary Files	243
...Maintaining Source Directories	244
...Branches	246
......Using Branches	250
...Administering SCCS Files	251
......Interpreting Error Messages: sccs help . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..................................................251
......Altering History File Defaults: sccs admin . . . . . . . . . . . .
..................................................251
......Validating the History File	252
......Restoring the History File	253
...Reference Tables	254
6. m4 Macro Processor	259
...Overview	259
...m4 Macros	261
......Defining Macros	261
......Quoting	262
......Arguments	264
......Arithmetic Built-Ins	267
......File Inclusion	268
......Diversions	268


......System Commands	269
......Conditional Testing	269
......String Manipulation	270
......Printing	272
......Summary of Built-In m4 Macros	273
A. A System V make	275
...Basic Features	276
...Description Files and Substitutions	281
......Comments	281
......Continuation Lines	281
......Macro Definitions	282
......General Form	282
......Dependency Information	282
......Executable Commands	283
......Extensions of $*, $@, and $<	284
......Output Translations	284
......Recursive Makefiles	285
......Suffixes and Transformation Rules	285
......Implicit Rules	286
......Archive Libraries	288
......Source Code Control System (SCCS) Filenames	291
......The Null Suffix	292
......Included Files	293
......SCCS Makefiles	293


......Dynamic-Dependency Parameters	293
...Command Usage	294
......The make Command	294
......Environment Variables	296
...Suggestions and Warnings	297
...Internal Rules	298
......Special Rules	299
Index	305