............................Contents


1. Introduction	1
..What Is Internationalization?	1
..How Is Localization Different?	1
..Advantages of Internationalization	2
..Basic Steps in Internationalization	2
..Conforming to Standards	2
..Internationalization Levels	3
....Level 1--Text and Codesets	3
....Level 2--Formats and Collation	3
....Level 3--Messages and Text Presentation	3
....Level 4--Asian Language Support	4
2. Formats and Conventions Overview	5
..Formatting Differences	5
....Time Formats	5
....Date Formats	6


....Numbers	7
....Currency	8
..Word and Letter Differences	9
....Word Delimiters	9
....Word Order	9
....Sort Order	9
....Character Sets	9
....Code Sets for x86	11
..Keyboard Differences	12
..Other Differences	12
....Punctuation	12
....Symbols	12
....Measurements	13
....Gender	13
....Titles and Addresses	13
....Paper Sizes	13
....Summary	14
3. Support for Internationalization	15
..Keyboards and Peripherals	16
....Keyboards	16
....Generating Characters Not on a U.S. Keyboard	18
....Using the Floating Accent Keys	20
....Modems	20
....Dumb Terminals	21


....Printers	21
..Character and Code Sets	21
....Extended UNIX Code (EUC)	22
....Wide Characters	23
....Multibyte Library Routines	24
....Naming Rules	30
..What Is a Locale?	30
....Locale Categories	31
4. Writing Internationalized Code	33
..Linking	33
..Text and Code Sets	33
....Call setlocale()	33
....Make Software 8-bit Clean	34
....Watch for Sign Extension Problems	35
....Employ Standard Code Sets	37
....Generating PostScript	37
....Use ctype Library Routines	38
....Avoid Managing the Keyboard	38
..Formats and Collation	39
....Time and Date Formats	39
....Currency Formats	40
....Replace strcmp() With strcoll()	41
..User Messages and Text Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................43
....Localized Text Handling	44


.....Where Do Messages Reside?	44
.....,Using gettext()	45
.....Surround Strings with gettext()	45
.....Use bindtextdomain()	46
.....Changing the Text Domain	47
.....Create Separate Message Files	47
.....Text Length and Height May Vary	48
.....Avoid Compound Messages	48
.....Dynamic Messaging	50
..Other Languages	51
..Summary of Requirements	51
.....Checklists for Internationalization	52
.....Using X/Open Message Catalogs	53
5. Internationalizing OpenWindows	55
..Window Object Layout	56
..Object Size and Positioning	57
..Input Method	59
..Font Handling	60
6. Translating Messages	61
..Creating a Message File	61
.....The Portable Message File	62
.....The Message Object File	64
A. Language and Territory Names	65
.....Language and Territory	65