Index

Symbols

__errno	159
__t_errno	159
_r	227
_REENTRANT	157

Numerics

32-bit architectures	70

A

Ada	140
adb	161
adding
.....to LWP pool	202
.....signals to mask	32
aio_errno	146
AIO_INPROGRESS	146
aio_result_t	145, 146
aiocancel(3)	145, 146
aioread(3)	145, 146
aiowait(3)	146
aiowrite(3)	145, 146
algorithms
.....faster with MT	3
.....parallel	244
.....sequential	244
alternate signal stacks	8, 132
ANSI C	161
application-level threads
.....Seeuser-level threads
architecture
.....multiprocessor	240
.....SPARC	70, 241, 243
assert statement	104, 231
asynchronous
.....event notification	108
.....I/O	144, 145, 146
.....semaphore use	108
.....signals	132 to 138
Async-Signal-Safe
.....category	151
.....functions	137, 153
.....and signal handlers	140
atomic, defined	70
automatic
.....arrays, problems	160
.....LWP number adjustments	130
.....stack allocation	62

B

barrier synchronization	244
binary semaphores	107

binding
.....reasons to bind	8, 130, 237, 239
.....threads to LWPs	202
.....values to keys	18, 208
bottlenecks	233
bound threads	6, 130, 237
.....See alsobinding
.....alternate signal stacks	132
.....concurrency	238
.....defined	2
.....mixing with unbound threads	237
.....no LWP caching	237
.....priority	128
.....reasons to bind	8, 130
.....scheduling class	128

C

C++	161
cache, defined	240
caching
.....not for bound thread LWPs	237
.....threads data structure	234
changing the signal mask	32, 205
coarse-grained locking	230
code lock	229, 230
code monitor	229, 231
completion semantics	139
concurrency	230, 238, 239
.....level	202
.....unbound threads	190
cond_broadcast(3T)	215, 216
cond_init(3T)	220, 221
cond_signal(3T)	215
cond_wait(3T)	143
condition variables	69, 87 to 105, 142
contention	232, 233
continue execution	189
coroutine linkage	236
counting semaphores Seesemaphores
creating
.....stacks	62, 63, 64, 201, 203
.....threads	12 to 15, 234, 238
......thread-specific keys	18, 19, 20, 21, 207, 208
critical section	242
custom stack	62, 203, 204

D

-D_POSIX_C_SOURCE	157
-D_REENTRANT	157
daemon threads	202
data
......global	18
......local	18
......lock	229, 230
......profile	126
......races	149
......shared	6, 242
......thread specific,Seethread-specificdata
dbx	161
deadlock	159, 231, 232
debugging	159 to 162
......adb	161
......dbx	161
deleting signals from mask	32
destructor function	19, 25
detached threads	15, 48, 201
Dijkstra, E. W.	106

E

EAGAIN	14, 19, 77, 93, 112, 191, 202
EBUSY	77, 80, 81, 93, 101, 196, 197
EDEADLK	15, 78, 111, 112
EFAULT	194, 195, 196, 197 to 198
EINTR	111, 112, 124, 133, 142, 143
EINVAL	14, 15, 17, 20, 21, 27, 29, 31, 33, 38, 39, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 64, 67, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 89, 90, 91, 93, 95, 96, 98, 100, 101, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 191, 194, 195, 196, 197 to 198, 203
ENOMEM	19, 21, 72, 77, 89, 93, 202

ENOSPC	109
ENOSYS	28
ENOTSUP	29, 53, 55
EPERM	79, 109
errno	22, 157, 159, 226
errno.h	155
error checking	31
ESRCH	15, 17, 30, 31, 37, 189, 190
ETIME	98
event notification	108
examining the signal mask	32, 205
exec(2)	120, 122, 124
execution resources	190, 191, 238
exit(2)	124, 202
exit(3C)	34

F

finding
.....minimum stack size	203
.....thread concurrency level	191
.....thread priority	209
fine-grained locking	230
flockfile(3S)	147
flowchart of compile options	158
fork(2)	122, 124, 215
fork1(2)	122, 124
FORTRAN	161, 176
funlockfile(3S)	147

G

getc(3S)	147
getc_unlocked(3S)	147
gethostbyname(3N)	227
gethostbyname_r(3N)	227
getrusage(3B)	127
global
.....data	229
.....memory	159
.....side effects	234
.....state	229
......variables	22, 23, 225
global variables	226

H

heap,malloc(3C) storage from	16

I

I/O
......asynchronous	144, 145
......nonsequential	146
......standard	147
......synchronous	144
inheriting priority	200
interrupt	132
interval timer	237
invariants	104, 230

J

joining threads	14, 48, 206

K

kernel context switching	6
keys
......bind value to key	208
......get specific key	21, 208
......global into private	23
......storing value of	21, 208
kill(2)	132, 135

L

-lc	157, 158
ld	157, 158
libC	154
libc	153, 155, 158
libdl_stubs	153
libintl	153, 155
libm	153, 155
libmalloc	153, 155
libmapmalloc	153, 155

libnsl	154, 155, 159
libposix4	155
libpthread	155, 158
library
.....C routines	225
.....MT safety	153
.....threads	155, 235
libresolv	154
libsocket	154, 155
libthread	5, 155, 158, 235
libw	154, 155
libX11	154
lightweight processes	7, 127 to 130, 235, 236
.....adding an LWP	202
.....creation	236
.....debugging	161
.....defined	2
.....independence	236
.....multiplexing	236
.....not supported	7
.....profile state	126
.....shortage	131
.....special capabilities	236
.....in SunOS 4.0	7
.....and system calls	237
limits, resources	127
limits.h	155
linking	155
local variable	227
lock hierarchy	232
lock_lint	83
locking
.....See alsolocks
.....coarse grained	230, 233
.....code	229
.....conditional	84
.....data	229
.....fine-grained	230, 233
.....guidelines	233
.....invariants	230
LockLint tool	163
LockLint usage	172
locks
......See alsolocking
......mutual exclusion	69 to 86, 122, 142
......readers/writer	69, 198
longjmp(3C)	127, 140
LoopTool for parallelization	176
LoopTool reporter	163
-lpthread	157, 158
lseek(2)	147
-lthread	157, 158
LWPs,Seelightweight processes

M

main()	234
malloc(3C)	16
Mandelbrot program	164
MAP_NORESERVE	62
MAP_SHARED	124
memory
......global	159
......ordering, relaxed	242
......strongly ordered	241
mmap(2)	62, 124
monitor, code	229, 231
mprotect(2)	63, 203
MT-Safe libraries	153
multiple-readers, single-writer locks	198
multiplexing with LWPs	236
multiprocessors	239 to 244
multithreading
......defined	2
mutex Seemutual exclusion locks
mutex_init(3T)	220, 221
mutex_trylock(3T)	232
mutual exclusion locks	69 to 86, 122, 142

N

NDEBUG	104
netdir	154
netselect	154

nice(2)	128, 129
nondetached threads	15, 33
nonsequential I/O	146
null
.....procedures	158
.....threads	63, 203

P

P operation	106
parallel
.....algorithms	244
.....array computation	237
Pascal	161
PC	6
PC_GETCID	128
PC_GETCLINFO	128
PC_GETPARMS	128
PC_SETPARMS	128
per-process signal handler	132
per-thread signal handler	132
Peterson's Algorithm	242
PL/1 language	134
portability	70
POSIX 1003.4a	3
pread(2)	145, 147
printf problem	228
printf(3S)	140
priocntl(2)	128, 129
priority	6, 127, 128, 129, 236
.....finding for a thread	209
.....inheritance	200, 208, 209
.....range	209
.....and scheduling	209
.....setting for a thread	209
process
.....terminating	34
.....traditional UNIX	1
producer/consumer problem	116, 221, 241
profil(2)	126
profiling an LWP	126
programmer-allocated stack	62, 63, 203, 204
prolagen	106
pthread.h	155
pthread_atfork(3T)	33
pthread_attr_getdetachstate(3T)	49
pthread_attr_getinheritsched(3T)	56
pthread_attr_getschedparam(3T)	58
pthread_attr_getschedpolicy(3T)	54
pthread_attr_getscope(3T)	52
pthread_attr_getstackaddr(3T)	67
pthread_attr_getstacksize(3T)	61
pthread_attr_init(3T)	45
pthread_attr_setdetachstate(3T)	47
pthread_attr_setinheritsched(3T)	55
pthread_attr_setschedparam(3T)	57
pthread_attr_setschedpolicy(3T)	52
pthread_attr_setscope(3T)	50
pthread_attr_setstackaddr(3T)	64
pthread_attr_setstacksize(3T)	60
pthread_cancel(3T)	36
pthread_cleanup_pop(3T)	40
pthread_cleanup_push(3T)	40
pthread_cond_broadcast(3T)	94, 99, 102, 133
......example	100
pthread_cond_destroy(3T)	101
pthread_cond_init(3T)	92
pthread_cond_signal(3T)	94, 96, 102, 103, 133

.....example	97
pthread_cond_timedwait(3T)	98, 142
.....example	99
pthread_cond_wait(3T)	94, 102, 103, 133, 142
.....example	97
pthread_condattr_destroy(3T)	89
pthread_condattr_getpshared(3T)	91
pthread_condattr_init(3T)	88
pthread_condattr_setpshared(3T)	90
pthread_create(3T)	13
PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE	45
pthread_detach(3T)	17
pthread_equal(3T)	26
pthread_exit(3T)	33, 34
pthread_getschedparam(3T)	30
pthread_getspecific(3T)	21, 23, 24
pthread_join(3T)	14, 46, 61, 144
pthread_keycreate(3T)	18, 24, 25
.....example	24
pthread_keydelete(3T)	19
pthread_kill(3T)	31, 135
pthread_mutex_destroy(3T)	81
pthread_mutex_init(3T)	76
pthread_mutex_lock(3T)	78
.....example	82, 84, 85, 86
pthread_mutex_trylock(3T)	80, 84
pthread_mutex_unlock(3T)	79
.....example	82, 84, 85, 86
pthread_mutexattr_destroy	72
pthread_mutexattr_destroy(3T)	73
pthread_mutexattr_getpshared(3T)	75
pthread_mutexattr_init(3T)	72
pthread_mutexattr_setpshared(3T)	74
pthread_once(3T)	27
PTHREAD_PROCESS_PRIVATE	71, 72, 74, 75, 88, 90
PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED	71, 72, 74, 75, 88, 90
PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED	116
PTHREAD_SCOPE_PROCESS	8, 45, 50
PTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM	8, 50
pthread_self(3T)	25
pthread_setcancelstate(3T)	37
pthread_setcanceltype(3T)	38
pthread_setprio(3T)	128, 130
pthread_setschedparam(3T)	29
pthread_setspecific(3T)	20, 24, 25
......example	24
pthread_sigmask(3T)	32
pthread_sigsetmask(3T)	135
PTHREAD_STACK_MIN()	63
pthread_testcancel(3T)	39
pthread_yield(3T)	28
putc(3S)	147
putc_unlocked(3S)	147
pwrite(2)	145, 147

R

read(2)	146, 147
readers/writer locks	69, 198
realtime	237
......scheduling	127, 129
red zone	62, 63, 203
reentrant	229
......See also_REENTRANT
......described	229
......functions	151, 152
......strategies for making	229
register state	6
relaxed memory ordering	242
remote procedure call SeeRPC
replacing signal mask	32
resume execution	189
RPC	4, 154, 234
RT,Seerealtime

rw_rdlock(3T)	195
rw_tryrdlock(3T)	195
rw_trywrlock(3T)	197
rw_unlock(3T)	197
rw_wrlock(3T)	196
rwlock_destroy(3T)	198
rwlock_init(3T)	193, 220

S

SA_RESTART	143
safety, threads interfaces	149 to 154
scheduling
.....class	127 to 130
.....compute-bound threads	191
.....priorities	208
.....realtime	127, 129
.....system class	127
.....timeshare	127, 128
sem_destroy(3T)	113
sem_init(3T)	108
.....example	114
sem_post(3T)	106, 110
.....example	115
sem_trywait(3T)	106, 112
sem_wait(3T)	111
.....example	115
sema_init(3T)	220
sema_post(3T)	153
semaphores	69, 106 to 118
.....binary	107
.....counting, defined	2
sending signal to thread	31, 205
sequential algorithms	244
setjmp(3C)	127, 139, 140
shared data	6, 229
shared-memory multiprocessor	241
SIG_BLOCK	32
SIG_DFL	132
SIG_IGN	132
SIG_SETMASK	32
SIG_UNBLOCK	32
sigaction(2)	132, 133, 143
sigaltstack(2)	132
SIGFPE	133, 139
SIGILL	133
SIGINT	133, 138, 143
SIGIO	133, 146
siglongjmp(3C)	139, 140
signal(2)	132
signal(5)	132
signal.h	31, 32, 155, 205
signals
......access mask	32, 205
......add to mask	32
......asynchronous	132 to 138
......delete from mask	32
......handler	132, 137
......inheritance	200
......masks	6
......pending	189, 200
......replace current mask	32
......send to thread	31, 205
......SIG_BLOCK	32
......SIG_SETMASK	32
......SIG_UNBLOCK	32
......SIGSEGV	61
......stack	132
......unmasked and caught	142
sigprocmask(2)	135
SIGPROF	125
SIGSEGV	61, 133
sigsend(2)	132
sigsetjmp(3C)	140
sigtimedwait(2)	137
SIGVTALRM	125
sigwait(2)	135, 137, 138, 140
SIGWAITING	131
single-threaded
......assumptions	225
......code	70
......defined	2
......processes	124
size of stack	60, 62, 201, 203, 204
stack	234, 237

.....address	64, 201
.....boundaries	61
.....creation	64, 201
.....custom	203
.....deallocation	203
.....minimum size	62, 203
.....overflows	62
.....parameters	16
.....pointer	6
.....programmer-allocated	62, 63, 203, 204
.....red zone	62, 63, 203
.....returning a pointer to	151
.....size	60, 62, 201, 203, 204
stack_base	64, 201
stack_size	60, 201
standard I/O	147
standards	3
start_routine	201
static storage	159, 225
stdio	22, 157
store buffer	243
storing thread key value	21, 208
streaming a tape drive	145
strongly ordered memory	241
strtoaddr	154
suspending a new thread	201
swap space	62
synchronization objects	69 to 118
.....condition variables	69, 87 to 105
.....mutex locks	69 to 86
.....readers/writer locks	198
.....semaphores	69, 106 to 116, 216 to 222
synchronous I/O	144, 145
system calls
.....handling errors	226
.....and LWPs	237
system scheduling class	127

T

tape drive, streaming	145
terminating
......a process	34
......threads	15
THR_BOUND	202
thr_continue(3T)	201
thr_create(3T)	200, 203, 208
THR_DAEMON	202
THR_DETACHED	201
thr_exit(3T)	202, 205
thr_getconcurrency(3T)	191
thr_getprio(3T)	209
thr_getspecific(3T)	208
thr_join(3T)	206
thr_keycreate(3T)	207
thr_kill(3T)	153
thr_min_stack(3T)	201, 203
THR_NEW_LWP	191, 202, 238
thr_self(3T)	204
thr_setconcurrency(3T)	190, 202, 237, 238
thr_setprio(3T)	209
thr_setspecific(3T)	208
thr_sigsetmask(3T)	153
THR_SUSPENDED	201
thr_yield(3T)	204, 233
Thread Analyzer main window	166
Thread Analyzer tool	163
thread.h	155
thread-directed signal	137
thread-private storage	6
threads
......compute-bound	191
......concurrency Seeconcurrency
......creating	12 to 15, 200 to 203, 234, 238
......daemon	202
......defined	2
......detached	15, 48, 201
......exit codes	15
......identifiers	15, 25, 26, 27, 33, 201, 202, 204
......initial	34
......joining	14, 34, 206
......keys Seekeys

.....library	155, 235
.....lightweight processes Seelightweightprocesses
.....nondetached	15, 33
.....null	63, 203
.....priority Seepriority
.....private data	18
.....safety	149 to 154
.....signals Seesignals
.....stacks Seestack	151
.....suspended	189
.....suspending	201
.....synchronizing	69 to 118
.....terminating	15, 33, 205
.....thread-specific data Seethread-specific data	226
.....unbound Seeunbound threads
.....user-level	2, 5, 6
thread-specific data	18 to 25
.....global	22, 23, 24
.....global into private	23
.....new storage class	226
.....private	22
time slicing	130
time-out	99, 215
timeshare scheduling class	127, 128, 129
tiuser.h	159
TLI	154, 159
tools
.....adb	161
.....dbx	161
.....debugger	161
.....lock_lint	83
total store order	243
trap	132
TS,Seetimeshare scheduling class
TSD,Seethread-specific data

U

unbound threads	127
.....alternate signal stacks	132
.....caching	234
.....concurrency	190, 238
......defined	2
......disadvantage	237
......mixing with bound threads	237
......priorities	127, 208
......reasons not to bind	234, 237
......and scheduling	127, 130
......andthr_setconcurrency(3T)	19 0, 238
......andpthread_setprio(3T)	128, 130
unistd.h	155
UNIX	1, 3, 5, 133, 144, 146, 226
user space	6
user-level threads	2, 5, 6
USYNC_PROCESS	71, 88, 193, 210, 213, 217, 220, 221, 238
USYNC_THREAD	71, 88, 193, 210, 213, 217, 220

V

V operation	106
variables
......condition	69, 87 to 105, 118
......global	225, 226
......primitive	70
verhogen	106
vfork(2)	122

W

write(2)	146, 147

X

XDR	154