............................Contents


1. Covering Multithreading Basics	1
..Defining Multithreading Terms	1
..Meeting Multithreading Standards	3
..Benefiting From Multithreading	3
....Improving Application Responsiveness	3
....Using Multiprocessors Efficiently	3
....Improving Program Structure	4
....Using Fewer System Resources	4
....Combining Threads and RPC	4
..Understanding Basic Multithreading Concepts	5
....Concurrency and Parallelism	5
....Looking at Multithreading Structure	5
....Scheduling	7
....Cancellation	8
....Synchronization	9


2. Basic Threads Programming	11
..The Threads Library	11
....Create a Default Thread	12
....Wait for Thread Termination	14
....A Simple Threads Example	15
....Detaching a Thread	17
....Create a Key for Thread-Specific Data	18
....Delete the Thread-Specific Data Key	19
....Set the Thread-Specific Data Key	20
....Get the Thread-Specific Data Key	21
....Get the Thread Identifier	25
....Compare Thread IDs	26
....Initializing Threads	27
....Yield Thread Execution	28
....Set the Thread Priority	29
....Get the Thread Priority	30
....Send a Signal to a Thread	31
....Access the Signal Mask of the Calling Thread	32
....Re-create and Reinitialize Critical Threads	33
....Terminate a Thread	33
....Finishing Up	34
....Cancellation	34
....Cancel a Thread	36
....Enable or Disable Cancellation	37


....Set Cancellation Type	38
....Create a Cancellation Point	39
....Push a Handler Onto the Stack	39
....Pull a Handler Off the Stack	40
3. Thread Create Attributes	43
..Attributes	44
....Initialize Attributes	45
....Destroy Attributes	46
....Set Detach State	47
....Get Detach State	49
....Set Scope	50
....Get Scope	52
....Set Scheduling Policy	52
....Get Scheduling Policy	54
....Set Inherited Scheduling Policy	55
....Get Inherited Scheduling Policy	56
....Set Scheduling Parameters	57
....Get Scheduling Parameters	58
....Set Stack Size	60
....Get Stack Size	61
....About Stacks	61
....Set Stack Address	64
....Get Stack Address	67
4. Programming With Synchronization Objects	69


..Mutual Exclusion Lock Attributes	70
....Initialize a Mutex Attribute Object	72
....Destroy a Mutex Attribute Object	73
....Set the Scope of a Mutex	74
....Get the Scope of a Mutex	75
..Using Mutual Exclusion Locks	75
....Initialize a Mutex	76
....Lock a Mutex	78
....Unlock a Mutex	79
....Lock With a Nonblocking Mutex	80
....Destroy a Mutex	81
....Mutex Lock Code Examples	82
..Condition Variable Attributes	87
....Initialize a Condition Variable Attribute	88
....Remove a Condition Variable Attribute	89
....Set the Scope of a Condition Variable	90
....Get the Scope of a Condition Variable	91
..Using Condition Variables	92
....Initialize a Condition Variable	92
....Block on a Condition Variable	94
....Unblock a Specific Thread	96
....Block Until a Specified Event	98
....Unblock All Threads	99
....Destroy Condition Variable State	101


....The Lost Wake-Up Problem	102
....The Producer/Consumer Problem	102
.. Semaphores	106
....Counting Semaphores	107
....Initialize a Semaphore	108
....Named Semaphores	110
....Increment a Semaphore	110
....Block on a Semaphore Count	111
....Decrement a Semaphore Count	112
....Destroy the Semaphore State	113
....The Producer/Consumer Problem, Using Semaphores	114
..Synchronization Across Process Boundaries	116
....Producer/Consumer Problem Example	116
..Interprocess Locking Without the Threads Library	118
..Comparing Primitives	118
5. Programming With the Operating System	119
..Process Creation-Forking Issues	119
....The Fork-One Model	120
....The Fork-All Model	124
....Choosing the Right Fork	124
..Process Creation-exec`(2)`and exit`(2)` Issues	124
..Timers, Alarms, and Profiling	125
....Per-LWP POSIX Timers	125
....Per-Thread Alarms	126


....Profiling	126
..Nonlocal Goto`--setjmp(3C)` and `longjmp(3C)`	127
..Resource Limits	127
..LWPs and Scheduling Classes	127
....Timeshare Scheduling	128
....Realtime Scheduling	129
....LWP Scheduling and Thread Binding	130
....SIGWAITING--Creating LWPs for Waiting Threads	131
....Aging LWPs	131
..Extending Traditional Signals	132
....Synchronous Signals	133
....Asynchronous Signals	133
....Continuation Semantics	134
....Operations on Signals	135
....Thread-Directed Signals	137
....Completion Semantics	139
....Signal Handlers and Async-Signal Safety	140
....Interrupted Waits on Condition Variables (Solaris Threads,
.......Only)	142
..I/O Issues	144
....I/O as a Remote Procedure Call	144
....Tamed Asynchrony	144
....Asynchronous I/O	145
....Shared I/O and New I/O System Calls	146


....Alternatives to `getc(3S)` and `putc(3S)`	147
6. Safe and Unsafe Interfaces	149
..Thread Safety	149
..MT Interface Safety Levels	151
....Reentrant Functions for Unsafe Interfaces	152
..Async-Signal-Safe Functions	153
..MT Safety Levels for Libraries	153
....Unsafe Libraries	154
7. Compiling and Debugging	155
..Compiling a Multithreaded Application	155
....Preparing for Compilation	155
....Choosing Solaris or POSIX Semantics	156
....Including `<thread.h>` or `<pthread.h>`	156
....Defining `_REENTRANT` or `_POSIX_C_SOURCE`	157
....Linking With `libthread` or `libpthread`	157
....Linking with `-lposix4` for POSIX Semaphores	158
....Link Old With New Carefully	159
..Debugging Multithreaded Programs	159
....Common Oversights	159
....Tracing and Debugging With the TNF Utilities	160
....Using `truss(1)`	161
....Using `adb(1)`	161
....Using `dbx`	161
8. Tools for Enhancing MT Programs	163


..Scenario: Threading the Mandelbrot Program	164
....Using Thread Analyzer to Evaluate Mandelbrot	165
..Scenario: Checking a Program With LockLint	171
..Scenario: Parallelizing Loops with LoopTool	176
..For More Information	181
9. Programming with Solaris Threads	183
..Comparing APIs for Solaris Threads and POSIX Threads	183
....Major API Differences	184
....Function Comparison Table	184
..Unique Solaris Threads Functions	188
....Suspend Thread Execution	188
....Continue a Suspended Thread	189
....Set Thread Concurrency Level	190
....Get Thread Concurrency	191
..Unique Solaris Synchronization Functions-Readers/Writer Locks
....192
....Initialize a Readers/Writer Lock	193
....Acquire a Read Lock	195
....Try to Acquire a Read Lock	195
....Acquire a Write Lock	196
....Try to Acquire a Write Lock	197
....Unlock a Readers/Writer Lock	197
....Destroy Readers/Writer Lock State	198
..Similar Solaris Threads Functions	200


....Create a Thread	200
....Get the Minimal Stack Size	203
....Get the Thread Identifier	204
....Yield Thread Execution	204
....Send a Signal to a Thread	205
....Access the Signal Mask of the Calling Thread	205
....Terminate a Thread	205
....Wait for Thread Termination	206
....Create a Thread-Specific Data Key	207
....Set the Thread-Specific Data Key	208
....Get the Thread-Specific Data Key	208
....Set the Thread Priority	208
....Get the Thread Priority	209
..Similar Synchronization Functions-Mutual Exclusion Locks .	210
....Initialize a Mutex	210
....Destroy a Mutex	211
....Acquire a Mutex	212
....Release a Mutex	212
....Try to Acquire a Mutex	212
..Similar Synchronization Functions-Condition Variables	213
....Initialize a Condition Variable	213
....Destroy a Condition Variable	214
....Wait for a Condition	215
....Wait For an Absolute Time	215


.....Signal One Condition Variable	216
.....Signal All Condition Variables	216
..Similar Synchronization Functions-Semaphores	216
.....Initialize a Semaphore	217
.....Increment a Semaphore	218
.....Block on a Semaphore Count	218
.....Decrement a Semaphore Count	219
.....Destroy the Semaphore State	219
..Synchronization Across Process Boundaries	220
.....Using LWPs Between Processes	220
.....Producer/Consumer Problem Example	221
..Special Issues for fork() and Solaris Threads	223
10. Programming Guidelines	225
..Rethinking Global Variables	225
..Providing for Static Local Variables	227
..Synchronizing Threads	228
.....Single-Threaded Strategy	228
.....Reentrance	229
..Avoiding Deadlock	231
.....Deadlocks Related to Scheduling	232
.....Locking Guidelines	233
..Following Some Basic Guidelines	233
..Creating and Using Threads	234
.....Lightweight Processes	235


......Unbound Threads	236
......Bound Threads	237
......Thread Concurrency (Solaris Threads, Only)	238
......Efficiency	238
......Thread Creation Guidelines	239
...Working With Multiprocessors	239
......The Underlying Architecture	240
...Summary	245
......Further Reading	245
A. Sample Application - Multithreaded `grep`	247
...Description of `tgrep`	247
...Getting Online Source Code	248
B. Solaris Threads Example: `barrier.c`	279
C. MT Safety Levels: Library Interfaces	285
Index	341