............................Contents


Preface	xvii
1. Assembler Input	1
...Introduction	1
...Source Files in Assembly Language Format	2
......File Organization	2
......Statements	3
......Values and Symbol Types	4
......Expressions	6
......Expression Syntax	7
......Expression Semantics (Absolute vs. Relocatable)	9
......Machine Instruction Syntax	10
......Instruction Description	12
... Pseudo Operations	14
......General Pseudo Operations	14
......Symbol Definition Pseudo Operations	19


2. Instruction-Set Mapping	21
...Introduction	22
......Notational Conventions	23
......References	26
...Segment Register Instructions	26
...... Load Full Pointer (lds,les, lfs, lgs, and lss)	26
......Pop Stack into Word (pop)	27
......Push Word/Long onto Stack (`push`)	28
...I/O Instructions	29
......Input from Port (in, ins)	29
......Output from Port (out, outs)	31
...Flag Instructions	32
......Load Flags into AH Register (lahf)	32
......Store AH into Flags (sahf)	33
......Pop Stack into Flag (`popf`)	33
......Push Flag Register Onto Stack (`pushf`)	34
......Complement Carry Flag (cmc)	35
......Clear Carry Flag (clc)	35
......Set Carry Flag (stc)	36
......Clear Interrupt Flag (cli)	36
......Set Interrupt Flag (sti)	37
......Clear Direction Flag (cld)	37
......Set Direction Flag (std)	38
...Arithmetic Logical Instructions	38


......Integer Addition (add)	38
......Integer Add With Carry (adc)	39
......Integer Subtraction (sub)	40
......Integer Subtraction With Borrow (sbb)	41
......Compare Two Operands (cmp)	42
......Increment by 1 (inc)	43
......Decrease by 1 (dec)	44
......Logical Comparison or Test (test)	45
......Shift (sal, shl, sar, shr)	46
......Double Precision Shift Left (shld)	48
......Double Precision Shift Right (shrd)	49
......One's Complement Negation (not)	50
......Two's Complement Negation (neg)	50
......Check Array Index Against Bounds (bound)	51
......Logical And (and)	52
......Logical Inclusive OR (or)	54
......Logical Exclusive OR (xor)	55
...Multiply and Divide Instructions	56
......Signed Multiply (imul)	57
......Unsigned Multiplication of AL, AX or EAX(mul)	58
......Unsigned Divide (div)	60
......Signed Divide (idiv)	61
...Conversion Instructions	62
......Convert Byte to Word (cbtw)	62


......Convert Word to Long (cwtl)	63
......Convert Signed Word to Signed Double Word (cwtd)	63
......Convert Signed Long to Signed Double Long (cltd)	64
...Decimal Arithmetic Instructions	64
......Decimal Adjust AL after Addition (daa)	64
......Decimal Adjust AL after Subtraction (das)	65
......ASCII Adjust after Addition (aaa)	65
......ASCII Adjust after Subtraction (aas)	66
......ASCII Adjust AX after Multiply (aam)	67
......ASCII Adjust AX before Division (aad)	68
...Coprocessor Instructions	69
......Wait (wait, fwait)	69
...String Instructions	69
......Move Data from String to String (movs)	70
......Compare String Operands (cmps)	71
......Store String Data (stos)	72
......The Load String Operand (lods)	73
......Compare String Data (scas)	75
......Look-Up Translation Table (xlat)	76
......Repeat String Operation (rep, repnz, repz)	77
...Procedure Call and Return Instructions	78
......Far Call -- Procedure Call (lcall)	78
......Near Call -- Procedure Call (call)	79
......Return from Procedure (ret)	80


......Long Return (lret)	81
......Enter/Make Stack Frame for Procedure Parameters (enter)	82
......High Level Procedure Exit (leave)	83
...Jump Instructions	83
......Jump if ECX is Zero (jcxz)	83
......Loop Control with CX Counter (loop, loopnz, loopz)	84
......Jump (jmp, ljmp)	85
...Interrupt Instructions	87
......Call to Interrupt Procedure (int, into)	87
......Interrupt Return (iret)	89
...Protection Model Instructions	90
......Store Local Descriptor Table Register (sldt)	90
......Store Task Register (str)	90
......Load Local Descriptor Table Register (lldt)	91
......Load Task Register (ltr)	92
......Verify a Segment for Reading or Writing (verr, verw)	92
......Store Global/Interrupt Descriptor Table Register (sgdt, sidt)	93
......Load Global/Interrupt Descriptor Table (lgdt, lidt)	94
......Store Machine Status Word (smsw)	95
......Load Machine Status Word (lmsw)	96
......Load Access Rights (lar)	96
......Load Segment Limit (lsl)	97
......Clear Task-Switched (clts)	98
......Adjust RPL Field of Selector (arpl)	99


...Bit Instructions	100
......Bit Scan Forward (bsf)	100
......Bit Scan Reverse (bsr)	100
......Bit Test (bt)	101
......Bit Test And Complement (btc)	102
......Bit Test And Reset (btr)	102
......Bit Test And Set (bts)	103
...Exchange Instructions	103
......Compare and Exchange (cmpxchg)[486]	103
...Floating-Point Transcendental Instructions	104
......Floating-Point Sine (fsin)	104
......Floating-Point Cosine (fcos)	104
......Floating-Point Sine and Cosine (fsincos)	104
...Floating-Point Constant Instructions	105
......Floating-Point Load One (fld)	105
...Processor Control Floating-Point Instructions	105
......Floating-Point Load Control Word (fldcw)	105
......Floating-Point Load Environment (fldenv)	106
...Miscellaneous Floating-Point Instructions	106
......Floating-Point Different Reminder (fprem)	106
...Floating-Point Comparison Instructions	106
......Floating-Point Unsigned Compare (fucom)	106
......Floating-Point Unsigned Compare And Pop (fucomp)	107
......Floating-Point Unsigned Compare And Pop Two (fucompp)	107


...Load and Move Instructions	108
......Load Effective Address (lea)	108
......Move (mov)	109
......Move Segment Registers (movw)	109
......Move Control Registers (mov)	110
......Move Debug Registers (mov)	111
......Move Test Registers (mov)	111
......Move With Sign Extend (movs`x`)	112
......Move With Zero Extend (movzb)	112
...Pop Instructions	113
......Pop All General Registers (popa)	113
...Push Instructions	114
......Push All General Registers (pusha)	114
...Rotate Instructions	114
......Rotate With Carry Left (rcl)	114
......Rotate With Carry Right (rcr)	115
......Rotate Left (rol)	116
......Rotate Right (ror)	117
...Byte Instructions	118
......Byte Set On Condition (setcc)	118
......Byte Swap (bswap) [486]	120
...Exchange Instructions	120
......Exchange And Add (xadd) [486]	120
......Exchange Register / Memory With Register (xchg)	120


...Miscellaneous Instructions	121
......Write Back and Invalidate Cache (wbinvd) [486 only]	121
......Invalidate (invd) [486 only]	122
......Invalidate Page (invlpg) [486 only]	122
......LOCK Prefix (lock)	122
......No Operation (nop)	123
......Halt (hlt)	124
...Real Transfer Instructions	125
......Load Real (fld)	125
......Store Real (fst)	125
......Store Real and Pop (fstp)	126
......Exchange Registers (fxch)	126
...Integer Transfer Instructions	127
......Integer Load (fild)	127
......Integer Store (fist)	127
......Integer Store and Pop (fistp)	127
...Packed Decimal Transfer Instructions	128
......Packed Decimal (BCD) Load (fbld)	128
......Packed Decimal (BCD) Store and Pop (fbstp)	128
...Addition Instructions	129
......Real Add (fadd)	129
......Real Add and Pop (faddp)	129
......Integer Add (fiadd)	129
...Subtraction Instructions	130


......Subtract Real and Pop (fsub)	130
......Subtract Real (`f`subp)	130
......Subtract Real Reversed (fsubr)	130
......Subtract Real Reversed and Pop (fsubrp)	131
......Integer Subtract (fisubrp)	131
......Integer Subtract Reverse (fisubr)	131
...Multiplication Instructions	132
......Multiply Real (fmul)	132
......Multiply Real and Pop (fmulp)	132
......Integer Multiply (fimul)	132
...Division Instructions	133
......Divide Real (fdiv)	133
......Divide Real and Pop (fdivp)	133
......Divide Real Reversed (fdivr)	133
......Divide Real Reversed and Pop (fdivrp)	134
......Integer Divide (fidiv)	134
......Integer Divide Reversed (`fidivr`)	134
...Miscellaneous Arithmetic Operations	136
......Square Root (fsqrt)	136
......Scale (fscale)	136
......Partial Remainder (fprem)	136
......Round to Integer (frndint)	137
......Extract Exponent and Significand (fxtract)	137
......Absolute Value (fabs)	137


......Change Sign (fchs)	138
...Comparison Instructions	138
......Compare Real (fcom)	138
......Compare Real and Pop (fcomp)	139
......Compare Real and Pop Twice (fcompp)	139
......Integer Compare (ficom)	139
......Integer Compare and Pop (ficomp)	140
......Test (ftst)	140
......Examine (fxam)	140
...Transcendental Instructions	141
......Partial Tangent (fptan)	141
......Partial Arctangent (fpatan)	142
......x 2 - 1 (f2xm1)	142
......Y * log2 X (fyl2x)	142
......Y * log2 (X+1) (fyl2xp1)	143
...Constant Instructions	143
......Load log E (fldl2e)	143 2
......Load log 10 (fldl2t)	143 2
......Load log 2 (fldlg2)	144 10
......Load log 2 (fldln2)	144 e
......Load pi (fldpi)	144
......Load + 0 (fldz)	145
...Processor Control Instructions	145
......Initialize Processor (finit, fnint)	145


......No Operation (fnop)	145
......Save State (fsave, fnsave)	146
......Store Control Word (fstcw, fnstcw)	146
......Store Environment (fstenv, fnstenv)	146
......Store Status Word (fstsw, fnstsw)	147
......Restore State (frstor)	147
......CPU Wait (fwait, wait)	147
......Clear Exceptions (fclex, fnclex)	148
......Decrement Stack Pointer (fdecstp)	148
......Free Registers (ffree)	148
......Increment Stack Pointer (fincstp)	149
3. Assembler Output	151
...Introduction	151
...Object Files in Executable and Linking Format (ELF)	152
......`ELF` Header	153
......Section Header	155
......Sections	159
......Symbol Tables	162
......String Tables	164
A. Using the Assembler Command Line	167
...Assembler Command Line	167
...Assembler Command Line Options	168
...Disassembling Object Code	169
Index	171

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