............................Contents


1. Programming in the System Environment	1
..Programming Functions	1
....Error Handling	2
....Basic File I/O	2
....Advanced File I/O	3
....Terminal I/O	4
....Processes	5
....Overview of Processes	6
....Basic Interprocess Communication	10
....Advanced Interprocess Communication	10
....Memory Management	11
....File System Control	11
....Signals Overview	12
....Miscellaneous Functions	20
..Developing Software	20


....File and Record Locking	21
....Interprocess Communications	22
....Process Scheduler	23
....Memory Management	24
2. File and Record Locking	27
....Supported File Systems	27
..Choosing A Locking Type	28
..Terminology	29
....Opening a File for Record Locking	30
....Setting a File Lock	32
....Setting and Removing Record Locks	35
....Getting Lock Information	39
....Forking Locks	41
....Deadlock Handling	42
....Selecting Advisory or Mandatory Locking	42
....Cautions about Mandatory Locking	44
....File and Record Locking	45
3. Interprocess Communication	47
....Permissions	48
....IPC Functions, Key Arguments, and Creation Flags	50
..Messages	51
....Structure of a Message Queue	52
....Initializing a Message Queue with `msgget`( )	54
....Controlling Message Queues with `msgctl`( )	56


....Sending and Receiving Messages	61
..Semaphores	68
....Structure of a Semaphore Set	70
....Initializing a Semaphore Set with `semget`( )	72
....Controlling Semaphores with `semctl`( )	74
....Performing Semaphore Operations with `semop`( )	83
..Shared Memory	89
....Structure of a Shared Memory Segment	89
....Using `shmget`( ) to Access a Shared Memory Segment	92
....Controlling a Shared Memory Segment with `shmctl`( )	94
....Attaching and Detaching a Shared Memory Segment with
.......`shmat`( ) and `shmdt`( )	99
4. Process Scheduler	107
..Overview of the Process Scheduler	109
....Time-Sharing Class	110
....System Class	111
....Realtime Class	111
..Commands and Functions	111
....The `priocntl` Command	114
....The `priocntl` Function	120
....The `priocntlset` Function	133
..Interaction with Other Functions	136
....Kernel Processes	136
....`fork` and `exec`	137


....`nice`	137
....`init`	137
..Performance	137
....Process State Transition	138
....Software Latencies	140
5. Memory Management	141
..Overview of the Virtual Memory System	141
....Virtual Memory, Address Spaces, and Mapping	141
....Networking, Heterogeneity, and Coherence	143
..Memory Management Interfaces	144
....Creating and Using Mappings	144
....Removing Mappings	150
....Cache Control	151
....Other Mapping Functions	154
..Address Space Layout	154
6. Realtime Programming and Administration	159
..Basic Rules of Realtime Applications	159
....Degrading Response Time	160
....Runaway Realtime Processes	162
....I/O Behavior	163
..Scheduling	164
....Dispatch Latency	164
....System Calls That Control Scheduling	173
....Utilities that Control Scheduling	175


....Configuring Scheduling	177
..Memory Locking	180
....Overview	180
..High Performance I/O	182
.... Asynchronous I/O	182
....Synchronized I/O	185
..Interprocess Communication	186
....Overview	186
....Signals	187
....Pipes	188
....IPC Message Queues	189
....IPC Semaphores	189
....Shared Memory	190
....Choice of IPC Mechanism	191
..Asynchronous Networking	192
....Modes of Networking	192
....Networking Programming Models	193
....Asynchronous Connectionless-Mode Service	193
....Asynchronous Connection-Mode Service	196
....Asynchronous Open	198
..Timers	200
....Timestamp Functions	201
....Interval Timer Functions	201