............................Contents


Preface	xv
1. lex	1
...Introduction	1
...Generating a Lexical Analyzer Program	2
...Writing lex Source	4
......The Fundamentals of lex Rules	4
...... Advanced `lex` Features	11
...C++ Mangled Symbols	22
...Using lex and yacc Together	23
...Automaton	26
...Summary of Source Format	27
2. yacc -- A Compiler Compiler	31
...Introduction	31
...Basic Specifications	34
......Actions	37


......Lexical Analysis	41
...Parser Operation	43
...Ambiguity and Conflicts	49
...Precedence	54
...Error Handling	59
...The yacc Environment	62
...Hints for Preparing Specifications	64
......Input Style	64
......Left Recursion	64
...C++ Mangled Symbols	66
......Lexical Tie-Ins	66
......Reserved Words	67
...Advanced Topics	67
......Simulating error and accept in Actions	67
......Accessing Values in Enclosing Rules	68
......Support for Arbitrary Value Types	69
......yacc Input Syntax	71
...Examples	75
......A Simple Example	75
......An Advanced Example	80
3. make Utility	93
...Overview	93
......Dependency Checking: make vs. Shell Scripts	94
......Writing a Simple Makefile	95


......Basic Use of Implicit Rules	98
......Processing Dependencies	99
......Null Rules	102
......Special Targets	103
......Unknown Targets	103
......Duplicate Targets	104
......Reserved make Words	104
......Running Commands Silently	105
......Automatic Retrieval of SCCS Files	106
......Passing Parameters: Simple make Macros	107
.......KEEP_STATE and Command Dependency Checking	109
.......KEEP_STATE and Hidden Dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . .
..................................................110
......Displaying Information About a make Run	112
...Using make to Compile Programs	114
......A Simple Makefile	114
......Using Predefined Macros	115
......Using Implicit Rules to Simplify a Makefile: Suffix Rules .	117
......When to Use Explicit Target Entries vs. Implicit Rules	118
......Implicit Rules and Dynamic Macros	119
......Adding Suffix Rules	122
......Pattern-Matching Rules:An Alternative to Suffix Rules	124
...Building Object Libraries	131
......Libraries, Members, and Symbols	131
......Library Members and Dependency Checking	132


...Using make to Maintain Libraries and Programs	133
......More about Macros	133
......Linking with System-Supplied Libraries	136
......Compiling Programs for Debugging and Profiling	137
......Compiling Debugging and Profiling Variants	139
......Maintaining Separate Program and Library Variants	140
......Maintaining a Directory of Header Files	145
......Compiling and Linking with Your Own Libraries	145
......Nested make Commands	146
......Passing Parameters to Nested make Commands	149
......Compiling Other Source Files	151
......Maintaining Shell Scripts with make and SCCS	154
......Running Tests with make	155
...Maintaining Software Projects	158
......Organizing a Project for Ease of Maintenance	158
......Building the Entire Project	161
......How to Maintain Directory Hierarchies with the Recursive
........Makefiles	162
......Recursive Targets	162
......How to Maintain a Large Library as a Hierarchy of
........Subsidiaries	164
......Reporting Hidden Dependencies to make	167
...make Enhancements Summary	167
......Default Makefile	167
......The State File .make.state	167


......Hidden-Dependency Checking	168
......Command-Dependency Checking	168
......Automatic Retrieval of SCCS Files	168
......Pattern-Matching Rules	168
......Pattern-Replacement Macro References	169
......New Options	171
......Support for C++ and Modula-2	171
......Naming Scheme for Predefined Macros	172
......New Special-Purpose Targets	172
......New Implicit lint Rule	173
......Macro Processing Changes	173
......Improved ar Library Support	175
......Target Groups	175
...Incompatibilities with Previous Versions	175
......New Meaning for -d Option	175
......Dynamic Macros	175
......Tilde Rules Not Supported	176
......Target Names Beginning with ./ are Treated as
........Local filenames	176
4. SCCS Source Code Control System	179
...Introduction	179
......The sccs Command	180
......The sccs create Command	180
......Basic sccs Subcommands	181


......Deltas and Versions	182
...sccs Subcommands	183
......Checking Files In and Out	183
......Incorporating Version-Dependent Information by Using
........ID Keywords	187
......Making Inquiries	188
......Deleting the Committed Changes	192
...Version Control for Binary Files	195
...Maintaining Source Directories	196
...Branches	198
......Using Branches	202
...Administering SCCS Files	203
......Interpreting Error Messages: sccs help . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..................................................203
......Altering History File Defaults: sccs admin . . . . . . . . . . . .
..................................................203
......Validating the History File	204
......Restoring the History File	205
...Reference Tables	206
5. m4 Macro Processor	211
...Overview	211
...m4 Macros	213
......Defining Macros	213
......Quoting	214
......Arguments	216
......Arithmetic Built-Ins	219


......File Inclusion	220
......Diversions	220
......System Commands	221
......Conditional Testing	221
......String Manipulation	222
......Printing	224
......Summary of Built-In m4 Macros	225
A. A System V make	227
...Introduction	227
...Basic Features	228
...Description Files and Substitutions	233
......Comments	233
......Continuation Lines	233
......Macro Definitions	234
......General Form	234
......Dependency Information	234
......Executable Commands	235
......Extensions of $*, $@, and $<	236
......Output Translations	236
......Recursive Makefiles	237
......Suffixes and Transformation Rules	237
......Implicit Rules	238
......Archive Libraries	240
......Source Code Control System (SCCS) Filenames	243


......The Null Suffix	244
......Included Files	245
......SCCS Makefiles	245
......Dynamic-Dependency Parameters	245
...Command Usage	246
......The make Command	246
......Environment Variables	248
...Suggestions and Warnings	249
...Internal Rules	250
......Special Rules	251
Index	257