............................Contents


1. Introduction	1
..What Is Internationalization?	1
..How Is Localization Different?	1
..Basic Steps in Internationalization	2
..Advantages of Internationalization	2
..Conforming to Standards	2
..Internationalization Levels	3
....Level 1--Text and Codesets	3
....Level 2--Formats and Collation	3
....Level 3--Messages and Text Presentation	3
....Level 4--Asian Language Support	4
2. Formats and Conventions Overview	5
..Formatting Differences	5
....Time Formats	5
....Date Formats	6


....Numbers	7
....Currency	8
..Word and Letter Differences	9
....Word Delimiters	9
....Word Order	9
....Sort Order	9
....Character Sets	9
....Codesets for x86	11
..Keyboard Differences	12
..Other Differences	12
....Punctuation	12
....Symbols	12
....Measurements	13
....Gender	13
....Titles and Addresses	13
....Paper Sizes	13
....Summary	14
3. Support for Internationalization	15
..Keyboards and Peripherals	16
....Keyboards	16
....Generating Characters Not on a U.S. Keyboard	18
....Using the Floating Accent Keys	24
....Modems	24
....Dumb Terminals	24


....Printers	25
..Character and Code Sets	25
....Extended UNIX Code (EUC)	26
....Wide Characters	27
....Multi-byte Library Routines	28
....Naming Rules	34
..What Is a Locale?	34
....Locale Categories	35
4. Writing Internationalized Code	37
..Linking	37
..Text and Code sets	37
....Call setlocale()	37
....Make Software 8-bit Clean	38
....Watch for Sign Extension Problems	39
....Employ Standard Code Sets	41
....Generating PostScript	41
....Use ctype Library Routines	42
....Avoid Managing the Keyboard	42
..Formats and Collation	43
....Time and Date Formats	43
....Monetary Formats	44
....Replace strcmp() With strcoll()	45
..User Messages and Text Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................47
....Localized Text Handling	48


.....Where Do Messages Reside?	48
.....Using gettext()	49
.....Surround Strings with gettext()	49
.....Use bindtextdomain()	50
.....Changing the Text Domain	51
.....Create Separate Message Files	51
.....Text Length and Height May Vary	52
.....Try to Avoid Compound Messages	52
.....Dynamic Messaging	54
..Other Languages	55
..Summary of Requirements	55
.....Checklists for Internationalization	56
.....Using X/Open Message Catalogs	57
5. Internationalizing OpenWindows	59
..Window Object Layout	60
..Object Size and Positioning	61
..Input Method	63
..Font Handling	64
6. Translating Messages	65
..Creating a Message File	65
.....The Portable Message File	66
.....The Message Object File	68
A. Language and Territory Names	69
.....Language and Territory	69