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Multithreaded Programming Guide

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Indietro: B MT Safety Levels: Library Interfaces

Index

Symbols


`__errno`	108
`__t_errno`	108
`_r`	115
`_REENTRANT`	108, 137
.....managing incompatibilities	121

A


Ada	93
`adb`	110
adding
.....to LWP pool	30
.....signals to mask	17
`aio_errno`	98
`AIO_INPROGRESS`	98
`aio_result_t`	97, 98
`aiocancel(3)`	97, 98
`aioread(3)`	97, 98
`aiowait(3)`	98
`aiowrite(3)`	97, 98
alarm	9, 81
algorithms
.....faster with MT	3
.....parallel	129
.....sequential	129
alternate signal stacks	9, 86
ANSI C	111
application-level threads
.....Seeuser-level threads
architecture
.....MT system	7
.....multiprocessor	124
.....SPARC	38, 126, 128
assert statement	58, 118
`assert(3X)`	146
asynchronous
.....event notification	68
.....I/O	96, 97, 98
.....semaphore use	68
.....signals	86 to 91
Async-Safe
.....category	103
.....functions	90, 105
.....and signal handlers	93
atomic, defined	43
automatic
.....arrays, problems	110
.....local variable	115
.....LWP number adjustments	84
.....stack allocation	28
.....termination, daemon threads	19

B


barrier synchronization	129
benefits, multithreading	1, 3
binary semaphores	67
binding
.....See also bound threads
.....reasons to bind	9, 85, 123, 124
.....threads to LWPs	30
.....values to keys	22, 23
bound threads	6, 9, 10, 85
.....See alsobinding
.....alternate signal stacks	86
.....concurrency	123
.....defined	2
.....mixing with unbound threads	10
.....no LWP caching	123
.....priority	83
.....realtime timer and alarm	81
.....reasons to bind	9, 85, 123, 124
.....scheduling class	83
.....and`THR_BOUND`	13
.....and timers	82

C


C++	111
cache, defined	125
caching
.....not for bound thread LWPs	123
.....threads data structure	122
changing the signal mask	16
coarse-grained locking	117
code lock	117, 118
code monitor	117, 119
completion semantics	92
concurrency	2, 117, 121, 122, 123
.....excessive	121
.....level	30
.....unbound threads	33
`cond_broadcast(3T)`	50, 54, 56, 87
.....example	54
`cond_destroy(3T)`	55
`cond_init(3T)`	49, 75
`cond_signal(3T)`	50, 51, 56, 57, 87
......example	52
`cond_timedwait(3T)`	52, 53, 94
......example	53
`cond_wait(3T)`	50, 56, 57, 87, 94, 95
......example	52
condition variables	37, 48 to 59, 94
coroutine linkage	8
counting semaphores Seesemaphores
creating
......new signal mask (example)	31
......stacks	12, 28, 29
......threads	12 to 14, 27 to 31, 123
......thread-specific keys	22, 23, 24, 27
critical section	127
custom stack	28, 29, 32

D


`-D _REENTRANT`	108, 121
daemon threads	19, 30
data
......global	22
......local	22
......lock	117, 118
......profile	82
......races	101
......shared	6, 127
......thread specific,*See*thread-specificdata
`dbx`	111
deadlock	109, 119
debugging	10, 109 to 112
......`adb`	110
......`dbx`	111
definitions of MT terms	2
deleting signals from mask	17
destructor function	23, 27
detached threads	18, 21, 30
Dijkstra, E. W.	66

E


`EAGAIN`	13, 23, 31, 34
`EBUSY`	63, 64, 71
`EDEADLK`	20
`EFAULT`	17, 39 to 42, 50 to 52, 53, 55, 61, 62 to 65, 69 to 72
`EINTR`	51, 53, 71, 80, 86, 87, 94, 95
`EINVAL`	14, 16, 17, 23, 24, 31, 34, 35, 39 to 42, 50, 53, 61 to 65, 69 to 72
`ENOMEM`	14, 23, 31
`errno`	25, 108, 114
`errno.h`	107
error checking	16
`ESRCH`	15, 16, 20, 34, 35
`ETIME`	53
event notification	68
examining the signal mask	16
`exec(2)`	79, 80, 81
execution resources	33, 122
`exit(2)`	18, 30, 81

F


finding
.....minimum stack size	32
.....thread concurrency level	33
.....thread priority	34
fine-grained locking	117
`flockfile(3S)`	99
fork cleanup handler	80
`fork(2)`	50, 53, 79, 80, 81
`fork1(2)`	79, 80, 81
FORTRAN	111
`funlockfile(3S)`	99

G


`getc(3S)`	99
`getc_unlocked(3S)`	99
`gethostbyname(3N)`	115
`gethostbyname_r(3N)`	115
`getrusage(3B)`	82
global
......data	117
......memory	109
......state	116
......thread scheduling	9
......variables	24, 25, 109, 113, 114

H


heap,`malloc(3C)` storage from	21
hreads	11

I


I/O
......asynchronous	96, 97
......nonsequential	98
......standard	99
......synchronous	96
inheriting priority	12
interrupt	86
interval timer	81, 82, 123
invariants	58, 118

J


joining threads	18, 19

K


kernel context switching	6
kernel-level threads	6
keys
......bind value to key	23
......destructor function	23
......get specific key	24
......global into private	26
......storing value of	22, 24
......for TSD	22
`kill(2)`	86, 89

L


`-lc`	108, 109
`ld`	108, 109


`libC`	106
`libc`	105, 107, 108, 109
`libdl_stubs`	105
`libintl`	105, 107
`libm`	105, 107
`libmalloc`	105, 107
`libmapmalloc`	105, 107
`libnsl`	105, 107, 108
library
.....C routines	113
.....threads	7, ?? to 77, 107
.....threads<$startrange.>	11
`libresolv`	106
`libsocket`	106
`libthread`	5, 7, 11, 107, 108
`libw`	106, 107
`libX11`	106
lightweight processes	8, 9, 82 to 85, 89
.....adding an LWP	30
.....creation	9
.....debugging	110
.....defined	2
.....independence	9
.....multiplexing	8
.....no time-slicing of threads	36
.....not supported	8
.....profile state	82
.....shortage	85
.....special capabilities	9
.....in SunOS 4.0	8
.....and system calls	10
.....and thread scheduling	35
limits, resources	82
linking	107
local variable	109, 115
lock hierarchy	120
`lock_lint`	44
locking
.....See alsolocks
.....coarse grained	117
.....code	117
.....data	117
.....fine-grained	117
......guidelines	120
......invariants	118
locks
......See alsolocking
......mutual exclusion	37 to 48, 80, 94
......readers/writer	37, 60 to 66
`longjmp(3C)`	82, 93
`lseek(2)`	99
`-lthread`	108, 109
LWPs,*See*lightweight processes

M


`main()`	121
maintaining thread-specific data	22
`malloc(3C)`	21
`MAP_NORESERVE`	28
`MAP_SHARED`	81
memory
......global	109
......ordering, relaxed	127
......strongly ordered	126
`mmap(2)`	28, 39, 81
monitor, code	117, 119
`mprotect(2)`	29
MT-Safe libraries	105
multiple-readers, single-writer locks	60 to 66, 77
multiplexing with LWPs	8
multiprocessors	124 to 129
multithreading
......See alsothreads
......benefits	1
......defined	2
mutex Seemutual exclusion locks
`mutex_destroy(3T)`	42
`mutex_init(3T)`	39, 75
`mutex_lock(3T)`	40
......example	43, 45, 47, 48
`mutex_trylock(3T)`	40, 45, 120
`mutex_unlock(3T)`	41
......example	43, 45, 47, 48


mutual exclusion locks	37 to 48, 80, 94

N


`nametoaddr`	106
`NDEBUG`	58
`netdir`	105
`netselect`	105
`nice(2)`	83, `84`
nondetached threads	18 to 21
nonsequential I/O	98
`nsswitch`	106
null
.....procedures	108
.....threads	29, 32

P


P operation	67
parallel
.....algorithms	129
.....array computation	9
parallelism, defined	2
Pascal	111
PC	6
`PC_GETCID`	83
`PC_GETCLINFO`	83
`PC_GETPARMS`	83
`PC_SETPARMS`	83
performance times	4
per-process signal handler	86
per-thread signal handler	86
Peterson's Algorithm	127
PL/1	88
portability	38
POSIX 1003.4a	10, 80
`pread(2)`	97, 99
`printf` problem	115
`printf(3S)`	93
`priocntl(2)`	36, 83, 84
priority	6, 9, 82, 83, 84
......finding for a thread	34
......inheritance	12, 34
......and`priocntl(2)`	36
......range	35
......and scheduling	34, 35
......setting for a thread	35
process
......terminating	18
......traditional UNIX	1
producer/consumer problem	75, 126
`profil(2)`	82
profile	82
profiling an LWP	82
programmer-allocated stack	28, 29, 32, 109
prolagen	67
`pthread_atfork()`	80
`putc(3S)`	99
`putc_unlocked(3S)`	99
`pwrite(2)`	97, 99

R


raw device	133
`read(2)`	98, 99
readers/writer locks	37, 60 to 66, 77
realtime	10
......schedule threads globally	9
......scheduling	82, 84
red zone	28, 29
reentrant	117
......See also`_REENTRANT`
......described	116
......functions	103, 104
......strategies for making	117
register state	6
relaxed memory ordering	127
remote procedure call SeeRPC
replacing signal mask	17
RPC	4, 105, 122
`RT`,*See*realtime
`rw_rdlock(3T)`	62


`rw_tryrdlock(3T)`	62
`rw_trywrlock(3T)`	64
`rw_unlock(3T)`	64
`rw_wrlock(3T)`	63
`rwlock_destroy(3T)`	65
`rwlock_init(3T)`	61, 75

S


`SA_RESTART`	95
safety, threads interfaces	101 to 106
scheduling
.....class	82 to 85
.....compute-bound threads	33
.....globally for threads	9
.....`libthread` routines	35
.....preemptive	35
.....priorities	34
.....realtime	82, 84
.....`system` class	82
.....timeshare	82, 83
`sema_destroy(3T)`	72
`sema_init(3T)`	69, 75
.....example	73
`sema_post(3T)`	67, 70, 105
.....example	74
`sema_trywait(3T)`	67, 71
`sema_wait(3T)`	70
.....example	74
semaphores	37, 66 to 77
.....binary	67
.....counting, defined	2
sending signal to thread	16
sequential algorithms	129
`setjmp(3C)`	82, 92, 93
setting
.....thread concurrency level	33
.....thread priority	34
shared data	6, 117
shared-memory multiprocessor	126
`SIG_BLOCK`	17
`SIG_DFL`	86
`SIG_IGN`	86
`SIG_SETMASK`	17
`SIG_UNBLOCK`	17
`sigaction(2)`	86, 87, 95
`sigaltstack(2)`	86
`SIGFPE`	87, 92
`SIGILL`	87
`SIGINT`	31, 87, 91, 95
`SIGIO`	87, 98
`siglongjmp(3C)`	92, 93
`signal(2)`	86
`signal(5)`	86
`signal.h`	16
signals
......access mask	16
......add to mask	17
......asynchronous	86 to 91
......create new mask (example)	31
......delete from mask	17
......handler	86, 90
......inheritance	12
......masks	6
......pending	12
......replace current mask	17
......send to thread	16
......`SIG_BLOCK`	17
......`SIG_SETMASK`	17
......`SIG_UNBLOCK`	17
......`SIGSEGV`	28
......stack	9, 86
......unmasked and caught	94
`sigprocmask(2)`	89
`SIGPROF`	82
`SIGSEGV`	28, 87
`sigsend(2)`	86
`sigsetjmp(3C)`	93
`sigtimedwait(2)`	90
`SIGVTALRM`	82
`sigwait(2)`	89, 90, 91, 93
`SIGWAITING`	85
single-threaded
......assumptions	113
......code	38
......defined	2


single-threaded(continued)
.....processes	81
size of stack	12, 27, 29, 32
stack	122, 123
.....address	12, 27
.....boundaries	28
.....creation	12
.....custom	29
.....deallocation	29
.....minimum size	29, 32
.....overflows	28
.....parameters	21
.....pointer	6
.....programmer-allocated	27, 28, 29, 109
.....reclaiming	19
.....red zone	28, 29
.....returning a pointer to	103
.....size	12, 27, 29, 32
`stack_base`	12, 27
`stack_size`	12, 27
standard I/O	99
standards	10, 80
`start_routine`	13, 29
static storage	108, 113
`stdio`	25, 108
store buffer	128
storing thread key value	22, 24
streaming a tape drive	97
strongly ordered memory	126
suspending a new thread	30, 36
swap space	28
synchronization objects	37 to 77
.....condition variables	37, 48 to 59
.....mutex locks	37 to 48
.....readers/writer locks	60 to 66
.....semaphores	37, 66 to 76
synchronous I/O	96, 97
system calls
.....handling errors	114
.....and LWPs	10
`system` scheduling class	82

T


tape drive, streaming	97
terminating
......a process	18
......threads	20
terms, defined	2
`THR_BOUND`	30
`thr_continue(3T)`	30, 36
`thr_create(3T)`	12, 24, 27, 29, 36, 85
`THR_DAEMON`	19, 30
`THR_DETACHED`	18, 30
`thr_exit(3T)`	17, 18, 20, 30
`thr_getconcurrency(3T)`	33
`thr_getprio(3T)`	34, 35
`thr_getspecific(3T)`	22, 24, 25, 27
`thr_join(3T)`	19, 20, 28, 96
`thr_keycreate(3T)`	22, 26, 27
......example	26
`thr_kill(3T)`	89, 105
`thr_min_stack(3T)`	27, 29
`THR_NEW_LWP`	30, 34, 85, 123
`thr_self(3T)`	14
`thr_setconcurrency(3T)`	30, 33, 85, 122, 124
`thr_setprio(3T)`	35, 83, 85
`thr_setspecific(3T)`	22, 23, 27
......example	26
`thr_sigsetmask(3T)`	31, 89, 105
`thr_suspend(3T)`	15, 36
`THR_SUSPENDED`	13, 30, 36
`thr_yield(3T)`	14, 36, 120
`thread.h`	107
thread-directed signal	90
thread-private storage	6
threads
......binding Seebound threads
......bound Seebound threads
......compute-bound	33
......concurrency Seeconcurrency
......creating	12 to 14, 27 to 31, 123
......daemon	19, 30


threads(continued)
.....defined	2
.....detached	18, 21, 30
.....exit codes	20
.....identifiers	14, 18 to 20, 30, 31
.....initial	18
.....joining	18, 19
.....kernel-level	6
.....keys Seekeys
.....library	7, 11 to 77, 107
.....lightweight processes Seelightweightprocesses
.....maintaining TSD	22
.....nondetached	18 to 21
.....null	29, 32
.....priority Seepriority
.....private data	22
.....safety	101 to 106
.....signals Seesignals
.....stacks Seestack	103
.....suspending	30, 36
.....synchronizing	37 to 77
.....terminating	17 to 20
.....thread-specific data Seethread-specific data	114
.....unbound Seeunbound threads
.....user-level	2, 5, 6
thread-specific data	22 to 26
.....global	24, 25, 27
.....global into private	25
.....maintaining	22
.....new storage class	114
.....private	24
time slicing	84
time-out	53
timer	9, 81
times, performance	4
timeshare scheduling class	82, 83, 84
`tiuser.h`	108
TLI	105, 108
tools
.....`adb`	110
.....`dbx`	111
.....debugger	10, 111
tools(continued)
......`lock_lint`	44
......`truss`	10
total store order	128
trap	86
`truss`	10
`TS`,*See*timeshare scheduling class
TSD,*See*thread-specific data

U


unbound threads	82
......alternate signal stacks	86
......caching	122
......concurrency	33, 123
......defined	2, 9
......disadvantage	9
......floating	9
......mixing with bound threads	10
......priorities	34, 82
......reasons not to bind	122, 123
......and scheduling	82, 84, 85
......and`THR_NEW_LWP`	13
......and`thr_setconcurrency(3T)`	122
......and`thr_setprio(3T)`	83, 85
UNIX	1, 5, 10, 87, 96, 98, 114
user space	6
user-level threads	2, 5, 6
`USYNC_PROCESS`	39, 49, 61, 69, 75, 123
`USYNC_THREAD`	39, 49, 61, 69, 75

V


V operation	67
variables
......condition	37, 48 to 66, 77
......global	109, 114
......local	109
......primitive	38
verhogen	67
`vfork(2)`	81

W


`write(2)`	98, 99

X


XDR	105

Indietro: B MT Safety Levels: Library Interfaces